CHM102 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Hydronium, Ethylene Glycol, Motor Oil

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30 Jun 2018
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Dissolving Ionic Substances
- When ionic substances dissolve in water, their cations and anions separate and
get dispersed amongst the water molecules.
- Polar water molecules attract both cations and anions in such a way that the end
with opposite charge to the ion points toward it.
Dissolving Molecular Substances
1. Ethylene glycol:
- dissolves in water (miscible in water)
- polar compound
2. Motor oil (hydrocarbon):
- does not dissolve in water (immiscible in water)
- non-polar compound
- dissolves in non-polar solvents such as gasoline or CCl4
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Vitamin A is soluble in nonpolar compounds (like fats).
- Vitamin C is soluble in water.
Ionization of Molecular Solutes
- Aqueous solutions of some molecular substances conduct electricity
(electrolytes).
- This is due to the breaking of a bond in a molecule and formation of ions, called
ionization.
- In some cases, only a fraction of molecules is ionized (creating a weak
electrolyte).
- AB A+(aq) + B−(aq) H2O
- AB A+(aq) + B−(aq)
Self-Ionization of Water
- Pure water consists of a number of water molecules in equilibrium with a small
amount of aquated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
- The process in which ions are obtained is called self-ionization of water.
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Document Summary

When ionic substances dissolve in water, their cations and anions separate and get dispersed amongst the water molecules. Polar water molecules attract both cations and anions in such a way that the end with opposite charge to the ion points toward it. Dissolving molecular substances: ethylene glycol: dissolves in water (miscible in water) polar compound, motor oil (hydrocarbon): does not dissolve in water (immiscible in water) non-polar compound dissolves in non-polar solvents such as gasoline or ccl4. Vitamin a is soluble in nonpolar compounds (like fats). Aqueous solutions of some molecular substances conduct electricity (electrolytes). This is due to the breaking of a bond in a molecule and formation of ions, called ionization. In some cases, only a fraction of molecules is ionized (creating a weak electrolyte). Pure water consists of a number of water molecules in equilibrium with a small amount of aquated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

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