MMED1005 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Cell Nucleus, Cytosol, Anaerobic Respiration
7 Jun 2018
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Cells can incorporate external substances by endocytosis
receptor: recognises the cell, bacterium acts like a key
phagocytosis: eating (the bacterium)
Organelles involved in inactivation and detoxification
- Peroxisome
o Contain oxidative enzymes for inactivating harmful substances
o Can produce oxygen, which kills some bacteria
o Can oxidise substances
o hydrogen peroxide production
- Lysosome
o Contains digestive enzymes
- Proteasome
o In the cytoplasm, essential component of the ATP-dependent proteolytic
pathway in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the degradation of most
cellular proteins
Mitochondria
- The energy organelles in which fuel is burned to synthetise ATP (respiration)
- 100-2000 in every cell
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- Made of
o Inner membrane
o Outer membrane
o Matrix
o Cristae
o Proteins of electron transport system
Oxidation of external energy (fuel-food) to make internal energy (oxidative phosphorylation)
- Food + oxygen
- Controlled oxidation of food inside the body (by electron transport chain)
- Some energy harnessed as ATP, the common energy currency for the body
- Some energy released as heat
o Partly used to maintain body temperature
o Excess heat eliminated to the environment
- Food + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
Initial steps in the burning of food (glycolysis (breaking down of sugars) of carbohydrates,
sugars, glucose) occurs in the cytosol (in the cytoplasm inside of the mitochondria)
- (Glucose has 6 carbons)
- Pyruvic acid is then taken up by the mitochondria and initiates the respiratory cycle
- 2 molecules of ADP (diphosphate vs triphosphate) + the energy, synthesis →2ATP
- this system alone is not enough to keep us alive
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Document Summary
Cells can incorporate external substances by endocytosis receptor: recognises the cell, bacterium acts like a key phagocytosis: eating (the bacterium) Peroxisome: contain oxidative enzymes for inactivating harmful substances, can produce oxygen, which kills some bacteria, can oxidise substances, hydrogen peroxide production. In the cytoplasm, essential component of the atp-dependent proteolytic pathway in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for the degradation of most cellular proteins. The energy organelles in which fuel is burned to synthetise atp (respiration) Inner membrane: outer membrane, matrix, cristae, proteins of electron transport system. Oxidation of external energy (fuel-food) to make internal energy (oxidative phosphorylation) Controlled oxidation of food inside the body (by electron transport chain) Some energy harnessed as atp, the common energy currency for the body. Some energy released as heat: partly used to maintain body temperature, excess heat eliminated to the environment. Food + o2 co2 + h2o + atp.
