MMED1005 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Pericardial Fluid, Texas State Highway Loop 1, Inferior Vena Cava

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7 Jun 2018

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Cardiovascular system: heart structure and function

- Lecture 1: general anatomy of the heart

- Lecture 2: how does the heart work?

- Lecture 3: blood and blood vessels

- Lecture 4: control of blood flow and blood pressure

Learning objectives:

- Describe the anatomy of the heart

- Describe the layers of the heart wall and the coverings of the heart

- Name the heart valves and describe their location, function and mechanism of

operation

- Understand the physiological basis of heart sounds

- Describe the pathways for the flow of blood through the heart

Main points:

- There are four chambers in the heart

o two atria and two ventricles

- The ride side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the lungs and the left

side pumps the oxygenated blood to the body

- There are four valves in the heart

o Tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic

- The opening of the valves depends on the pressure gradient across the valve

- Closure of the heart valves is associated with heart sounds

- During diastole, there is ventricular relaxation and filling, during systole there is

ventricular contraction and ejection

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The cardiovascular system:

- It is a giant network of blood vessels where the movement of blood is powered by

the heart

- It is a closed system that comprises:

o Heart (pumps blood)

o Blood

o Blood vessels (moves blood)

Heart anatomy:

- Located in the thorax (chest) between the lungs, above the diaphragm

- Approximately the size of a fist

- Made of a speial type of usle alled ardia usle

- Enclosed in a double-walled sac (pericardium)

- The pointy part of the heart (bottom right in diagram) is the apex

- The top part is the base of the heart

Layers of the heart wall:

- The wall of the heart comprises three layers:

o Endocardium – inner layer, directly exposed to the blood

o Myocardium – the thick middle layer may of cardiac muscle

o Epicardium – outer thin layer

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Endocardium:

- Endo = within

- The deepest inner layer of the heart

- Comprised of endothelial cells

- Also lines the valves and the blood vessels

Myocardium:

- Myo = muscle

- Middle layer of heart

- Thickest of all the layers

- Comprised of muscle fibres

- It is the layer that contracts and relaxes and is responsible

for pumping blood

- Trabeculae carneae: ridges that project from the inner wall

of the ventricles

Epicardium: also known as the visceral layer of the pericardium

- Epi = outer

- Outermost layer of heart

- Comprised of a thin external membrane of connective tissue

- Forms part of the pericardium and also known as the visceral

layer of the pericardium

Coverings of the heart: Pericardium

Peri = around

Fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart

Protects the heart and prevents overfilling

It is comprised of:

- Serous membrane: secretes fluid, two layers:

o Visceral pericardium: also called epicardium

(above)

▪ Visceral = closest to the organ

▪ The first layer of the serous membrane

▪ Directly touches the myocardium

o Parietal pericardium:

▪ Parietal = outer layer

▪ The second layer of serous membrane

o Pericardial cavity:

▪ The space between the two layers

▪ Filled with pericardial fluid, which acts as a

lubricant, allowing heart movement

- Fibrous pericardium:

o Fibrous outer layer

o Comprised of tough, dense connective tissue

o Anchors the heart in place and gives the parietal pericardium something to

adhere to

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Document Summary

Lecture 4: control of blood flow and blood pressure. Describe the layers of the heart wall and the coverings of the heart. Name the heart valves and describe their location, function and mechanism of operation. Understand the physiological basis of heart sounds. Describe the pathways for the flow of blood through the heart. There are four chambers in the heart: two atria and two ventricles. The ride side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the lungs and the left side pumps the oxygenated blood to the body. There are four valves in the heart: tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic. The opening of the valves depends on the pressure gradient across the valve. Closure of the heart valves is associated with heart sounds. During diastole, there is ventricular relaxation and filling, during systole there is ventricular contraction and ejection. It is a giant network of blood vessels where the movement of blood is powered by the heart.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of bloodflow?

a. heart --> atery --> arteriole --> capillary -->vein --> venule --> heart

b. heart --> vein --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> artery --> heart

c. heart --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary -->venule --> vein --> heart

d. heart --> artery --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> vein --> heart

e. heart--> artery --> capillary --> arteriole -->venule --> vein --> heart

2. What are the functions of the elastic fibers that are foundin the walls of ateries? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. they allow the artery to stretch and then recoil back to itsoriginal shape as blood is forcegully pumped from the heart intothe arteries

b. they allow arteries to lengthen as the volume of blood in thearteries increase

c. they help maintain a steady blood pressure during thedifferent phases of heart contraction

d. they smooth out the walls of the arteries to preventturbulent blood flow

3. Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?(there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. help fight infections and cancer

b. allows excess interstitial fluid (fluid found between thecells in your tissues) to get dumped back into your blood

c. brings large molecules from fat digestion into thebloodstream so that they can be processed and stored

d. all of the above are functions of the lymphatic system

4. Which of the following blood vessels bring newly oxygenatedblood from the blood vessels in the lungs back to the heart so thatthe heart can pump it to the rest of the body?

Select one:

a. aorta

b. inferior vena cava

c. pulmonary vein

d. pulmonary artery

5. Which of the following mechanisms help blood fight gravity sothat, for instance, it can return from blood vessels in your feetback into your heart? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. breathing allows the pressure in your chest to decrease andallow blood to flow up towards your heart

b. as you walk, the skeletal muscles in your legs contract andsqueeze the veins; since veins have valves, blood flows up anddoesn't backflow back down

c. the force of blood flowing out of the heart and into thearteries pushes all of the blood along, causing blood to return tothe heart

d. precapillary sphincters open to allow blood to flow backtowards the heart

6. The tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves prevent backflow ofblood from the atria into the ventricles.

Select one:

True

False

7. The following sequence represents the correct order of bloodflow through the heart:

inferior and superior vena cava --> right atrium --> rightventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonaryvein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Select one:

True

False

8. Capillaries are as wide as one red blood cell.

Select one:

True

False

9. The purpose of the coronary arteries is to bring oxygenatedblood to the walls of the heart so that the muscles in the heartwalls can contract.

Select one:

True

False

10. Vasodilation refers to the narrowing of blood vessels.

Select one:

True

False

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MMED1005 Lecture Notes - Lecture 20: Pericardial Fluid, Texas State Highway Loop 1, Inferior Vena Cava

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