BIOL10003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 36: Allele Frequency, Panmixia, Random Effects Model

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magentamuskrat643

12 Nov 2018

School

University of Melbourne

Department

Biology

Course

BIOL10003

Professor

All

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Document Summary

The set of genetic information carried by the population is called the gene pool i. e. all the alleles carried by all members of the population gene flow occurs when members of the population move (migration) Infinite population size large enough to prevent sampling errors and random effects. If a population is not in hw equilibrium, one generation of random mating will establish hw equilibrium if hw assumptions apply and locus is autosomal. If a population is not in hw equilibrium for an x-linked trait one generation of random mating will not restore equilibrium. Constant allele frequencies do not necessarily mean the population is in hardy weinberg equilibrium.

Related Questions

15. Population genetics provides answers for all of thefollowing questions except:

a. What is the frequency ofgenetic disease in a population?

b. What fraction of thephenotypic variation in a trait is the result of geneticvariation?

c. What alleles are most likelyto mutate?

d. Given certain quantifiablevariables, how long is a disease likely to persist?

e. How rapidly can a disease gaina foothold in a population?

16. Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of theHardy-Weinberg law?

a. The population is verylarge.

b. There is non-random matingwithin the population.

c. Mutations in the alleles donot occur.

d. No migration occurs into orout of the population.

e. The ability of all genotypesfor survival and reproduction is the same.

17. The heterozygote genotype frequency term for a gene with twoalternate alleles A (frequency p) and a (frequency q) in theHardy-Weinberg equation is:

a.p² b.q² c.2pq d.(p+q)² e. p+q

18. In humans, brachydactyly is a dominant condition. Sixthousand four hundred people in a population of 10,000 show thedisease (1,600 are BB, 4,800 are Bb) and 3,600 are normalphenotypes (bb). The frequency of the b allele is:

a.0.6 b.0.8 c.0.36 d..48 e. 0.16

19. Fitness is described as:

a. an individualâs ability tosurvive to adulthood

b. an individualâs ability toreproduce

c. an individualâs ability toadapt to change

d. all of the above are true

champagnewallaby382

1. If an individual has a genotype of Bb, what types of gametes (sperm/egg) could they produce?
A) B
B) b
C) B or b
D) Bb, BB, bb
E) Bb

2. Which of the following statements is true about phenotypic plasticity, i.e., phenotype variation that is the result of genotype by environment interactions?
A. Phenotypic plasticity is only favored when the parental environment is a good predictor of the offspring environment
B. Since the trait expression of a genotype varies across environments, it cannot respond to selection
C. A variable environment is required for phenotypic plasticity to be selected for
D. A single trait can only ever be plastic or non-plastic within a species
E. Phenotypic plasticity can only occur within a single generation, never across generations

3. With large numbers of genes contributing to variation for a phenotypic trait (e.g. height in humans), the population approaches what kind of distribution for that trait?
A. Mendelian
B. Exponential
C. Binomial
D. Normal
E. Continuous

4. A classic example of phenotypic plasticity is caste determination in social insects. Whether a female ant becomes a worker, soldier, or queen is determined by the food she is fed. Would you say this this an example of G, E, or GxE?

5. In an infinite population, the frequency of the A allele is 0.3 and the frequency of the a allele is 0.7. What is the frequency of heterozygotes?
A. .10
B. .21
C. .30
D. .42
E. .70

6. Blue eyes are a recessive trait caused by an autosomal allele. If there are 180 people with blue eyes in a population of 500 people, what is the frequency of the brown-eye allele? (Assume HWE)
A. .36
B. .40
C. .50
D. .60
E. .64

7. Imagine flower color in diploid roses is determined by a single gene with two alleles, white and red, which are co-dominant so that heterozygotes are pink. Frank is colorblind and can only discriminate between white and colored roses, and knows that his population has 18 white roses and 182 non-white roses. How many of Frankâs roses are pink? (Assume HWE.)
A. 18
B. 21
C. 42
D. 84
âE. 100

8. Imagine flower color in diploid roses is determined by a single gene with two alleles, white and red, which are co-dominant. If Eva's population has 250 white roses, 500 pink roses, and 250 red roses, what is true about this population?

A. It is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
B. It is under balancing selection
C. It is connected to another population by migration
D. It is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
ââE. White is a recessive lethal

9. 9% of a population is unable to taste the compound PTC, which is a recessive trait. Assuming HWE, if two carriers of the non-tasting allele had a baby what is the probability that it would be unable to taste PTC?
A. 0.09
B. 0.25
C. 0.30
D. 0.50
E. 0.70

10. (Adapted from: Christensen, A. C. (2000). Cats as an aid to teaching genetics. Genetics, 155(3), 999-1004.) ss cats have no white fur, Ss cats generally have <50% white fur, and SS cats generally have >50% white fur (cats who are 100% white are scored as dominant white and can't be scored for piebald spotting). The S allele is incompletely dominant, but variably expressed, so there is a more-or-less continuous gradient of white pigmentation in populations. You and your friends score all non-white cats up for adoption: http://www.adoptapet.com/cat-adoption/search/50/miles/48824 and find there are 160 with >50% white fur, 350 with <50% white fur, and 490 with no white fur. Which of the following statements is definitely true:

A. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
B. The population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
C. There is selection acting on the population
D. It is impossible to know if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
E. Fur color is not a heritable trait and therefore cannot evolve

tanbadger837

Need help with evolution questions:

1.) A haplotype is best defined as the ________________.

	haploid genotypes of all the gametes produced by a diploid individual

ABO blood type conferred by an individual gamete

genotype of either the paternal or maternal chromosomal complement

multilocus genotype of a chromosome or gamete

2.) Which of the following statements regarding linkage disequilibrium is true?

Exists when D is less than zero, but not when it is greater than zero.

Is reduced by sexual reproduction.

Is increased by crossing-over during meiosis.

Is increased by any random sampling error that happens to create or destroy certain chromosome genotypes but not others.

Is reduced by selection that favors certain combinations of genotypes.

3.) Selection on multilocus genotypes in random-mating populations leads to linkage disequilibrium when _______________.

it reduces mutation rates

it eliminates all haplotypes from the population

it prevents crossing-over during meiosis

some allele combinations confer greater fitness than do others

4.) When two loci are in linkage equilibrium, the allele carried on a chromosome at one locus is independent of the allele carried on the chromosome at another locus. When this is the case, _________________.

allele frequencies will not change over time

the two loci (or, more specifically, their protein products) do not interact

the frequency of each haplotype can be calculated by multiplying the frequency of its two alleles

all possible haplotypes occur at equal frequency

5.) Which of the following accurately characterize(s) Muller's ratchet model for the selective advantage of sexual reproduction?

Drift establishes linkage disequilibrium because multilocus genotypes with few mutations are eliminated by chance events.

In populations without sexual reproduction, deleterious mutations accumulate, eventually imposing such a burden that the population goes extinct.

Sex is favored selectively because it recreates the zero-mutation genotypes lost due to drift.

All of the above correctly characterize Muller's ratchet model for the evolution of sexual reproduction.

6.) The genetic signature of recent positive selection on a locus is _______________.

high frequency and low linkage disequilibrium

low frequency and low linkage disequilibrium

low frequency and high linkage disequilibrium

high frequency and high linkage disequilibrium

7.) Sexual reproduction is advantageous both in changing environments and in constant environments, compared to asexual reproduction.

True

False

8.) Sexual reproduction causes genetic recombination via crossing-over, which combines genotypes from different parents.

True

False

9.) One reason sex may be maintained in natural populations is proposed by the "Red Queen Hypothesis", which states that.....

genotypes created by sex are created by natural selection over and over

recombination creating novel genotypes that can resist infection by parasites

mutation load is reduced by novel adaptive mutations

the ability of sex to fix multiple

BIOL10003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 36: Allele Frequency, Panmixia, Random Effects Model

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