BIOL10005 Lecture Notes - Lecture 24: Dna Ligase, Cloning, Dna Extraction
Monday, 21 August 2017
Module 2
Protein syntesis
Albinism- tyrosinase enzyme produces melanin (don’t have a functional gene product)
COPY INFORMATION ON DNA ONTO RNA
-Produces a RNA moecule
-Ribose sugar in RNA
-Single stranded
-Uracil instead of Thymine
Forms polypeptides: made of amino acids ( carboxyl and amino end)
A gene
Sequence of DNA that encodes a functional product
Coding sequence- found on only one strand
Regulatory sequences- allow for the gene to be expressed (turned on/off)
Genes can occur on either strand (sometimes overlap)
Always oriented 5’ to 3
RNA is the same as the gene
Complementary strand is the template for building the gene
Transcription (initiation, elongation and termination)
Initiation:
RNA polymerase binds to promoter (specific sequence adjacent to
gene)
Promoter always has similar sequence
!1
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Monday, 21 August 2017
Elongation:
RNA Bases are complementary to the
DNA template
Always added onto 3’ end (so builds from
5’ to 3’)
Termination:
Reaches a chain termination sequence
Self complementary and binds to itself
Intermediate
-Some RNA’s are the final products
RNA Processing in Eukaryotes:
Modification to increase mRNA stability and for ribosome binding;
5’ Methyl guanosine cap
3’ polyadenylation- poly (A) tail (50 - 200)
Splicing
Removes introns - non-coding regions of RNA
Genetic code: 20 essential amino acids (triplet/codon= 6 combinations)
!2
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Monday, 21 August 2017
AUG = Met/start codon
UAA, UAG, UGA = Stop codon
Non-overlapping genetic code: makes sense
Translation
Occurs at Ribosomes:
-Small subunit and large subunit
-Made of proteins and RNA
-In cytoplasm
Transfer RNA:
-Extensive secondary structure
-Amino acid attachment and anti-codon
-Highly specific
Initiation/ assembly:
Elongation:
!3
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Albinism- tyrosinase enzyme produces melanin (don"t have a functional gene product) Forms polypeptides: made of amino acids ( carboxyl and amino end) Sequence of dna that encodes a functional product. Regulatory sequences- allow for the gene to be expressed (turned on/off) Genes can occur on either strand (sometimes overlap) Complementary strand is the template for building the gene. Rna polymerase binds to promoter (speci c sequence adjacent to gene) Always added onto 3" end (so builds from. Modi cation to increase mrna stability and for ribosome binding; 3" polyadenylation- poly (a) tail (50 - 200) Genetic code: 20 essential amino acids (triplet/codon= 6 combinations) Get different biological functions in different cells. To understand what genes do (where located/their role) When are genes turned on (cells, age, stages, in different environment) Can identify genetic variants associated with disease (e. g. cystic brosis) In agarose gel (or polyacrylamide:smaller) separate dna according to size.
