PSYC20008 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Intelligence Quotient, Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence, Heredity
14 Jun 2018
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Lecture 10 - Thursday 30 March 2017
PSYC20006 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
LECTURE 10
INTELLIGENCE AND ACADEMIC ABILITIES
THE STUDY OF INTELLIGENCE: A BEGINNING
•Binet 1904 focused on individual differences.
•Benefits of education and social class and the need for intervention.
•Research raises issues about
•The roles of heredity and environment
•The effects of wealth and poverty
•The possibility of improvement
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
•A. Intelligence as a Single Trait
•B. Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities
•C. Intelligence as Multiple Processes
•D. A Resolution?
A. INTELLIGENCE AS A SINGLE TRAIT
•Performance on IQ tasks are positively correlated.
•Hypothesis: individuals possesses an amount of g (general intelligence), common to all intellectual
tasks.
•Single entity measures of g correlate with:
•Indicators of school achievement
•Information-processing speed
•The speed of neural transmission in the brain
•Knowledge of subjects not studied in school
B. INTELLIGENCE AS A FEW BASIC ABILITIES
•Good arguments for viewing IQ as more than a single general entity.
•Two types of intelligence:
•Crystallized intelligence is factual knowledge about the world
•Fluid intelligence is the ability to think on the spot to solve problems
•Measures of one type of intelligence correlate more highly with each other than with measures of
the other type.
•The two types have different developmental courses;
•Crystallized intelligence increases with age.
•Fluid intelligence declines slowly after early adulthood.
C. INTELLIGENCE AS SEVERAL BASIC ABILITIES
→ Thurstone
• intelligence involves seven primary mental abilities.
•While the crystallized/fluid distinction offers simplicity, the seven primary mental abilities model
offers greater precision.
•The argument is that these are unique and independent abilities.
D. AN INTEGRATIVE MODEL OF INTELLIGENCE
•Carroll proposed an integration of competing views of intelligence, the three-stratum theory of
intelligence.
Lecture 10 - Thursday 30 March 2017
PSYC20006 - DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE
•A. Contents of Intelligence Tests
•B. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
•C. IQ Scores as Predictors of Outcomes
A. CONTENTS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS
•Measures based on observable behavior.
•Intelligence tests observe problem solving on tasks that require a variety of types of abilities.
•Intelligence tests measure somewhat different aspects in different ages.
•They have greatest success with preschoolers and older children.
•The normative way to assess is simply ‘this many failed this item’ and ‘this may failed this other
item’ so we get a linear ability.
WECHSLER’S INTELLIGENCE TEST FOR CHILDREN
•The most widely used test for over 6 years and up
•Divided into two main sections:
•Verbal section focuses on general knowledge and skill using language
•Performance section focuses on spatial and perceptual abilities
B. INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)
•A quantitative measure of intelligence relative
to others.
•IQ scores are a normal distribution.
•68% of scores falling within 1 standard
deviation of the mean
•95% of scores falling within 2 standard
deviations
TESTING INFANTS’ INTELLIGENCE
•Measures of infant intelligence help identify
babies with problems--not useful for assessing
intelligence of typical children.
Document Summary
The study of intelligence: a beginning: binet 1904 focused on individual differences, benefits of education and social class and the need for intervention, research raises issues about, the roles of heredity and environment, the effects of wealth and poverty, the possibility of improvement. Testing infants" intelligence: measures of infant intelligence help identify babies with problems--not useful for assessing intelligence of typical children. This is not a great surprise haha: iq is more closely related to later success than socioeconomic status, nonetheless, motivation, creativity, health, social skills, are also importantly implicated in later success. Environmental influences: the influence of nurture on the iq intelligence begins early. Family influences: caldwell and bradley devised a measure of family influences called the. Measurement of the environment): children"s iq scores are positively correlated with the quality of their family environment as measured by the home, however, causal relations between.
