BIOL1002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pollen Tube, Pollination, Double Fertilization

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6 Nov 2018

School

University of Newcastle

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL1002

Professor

Liz Burne

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Document Summary

Pollen grains are carried by wind, water, or animal to a mature flower, where pollination occurs. During pollination, pollen grain surface proteins interact with stigma surface proteins. Interactions are specific, preventing cross-species fertilization and, often, self- fertilization. Following a successful interaction, a pollen tube begins to grow and extend down toward the egg cells. Pollen tube growth is guided by signals released from the egg at the base of the carpel. Mosses and other groups that do not form pollen have flagellated sperm that must swim to the egg or are otherwise transferred to the egg through water. Pollination evolved, late in land plant evolution, into a much more efficient process when animals began to act as pollinators instead of relying on wind or water. The more recently evolved plant groups are those that do not require water for sexual reproduction. The evolution of pollen (and seeds) allowed species to colonize drier habitats and reproduce more effectively.

Related Questions

1. A plant the lacks petals and has well-developed anthers ismost likely

pollinated by fruit-eatingmammals.

pollinated by bees.

pollinated by birds.

pollinated by wind.

2. SELECT EACH TYPE of tissue that may be found in a maturefruit or seed. Can be more than one

Diploid sporophyte tissue from theprevious generation

Triploid endosperm

Diploid embryonic tissue

Haploid sperm cells

Tissue from the female gametophyte

3. Based on the outcome for plants, a monkey eating a banana isa

parasite.

pollinator.

disperser.

fertilizer.

4. Select all of the environmentswhere seeds would be an advantage over spores. Can be more thanone

Deserts

Areas with unpredictablerainfall

Wet humid swamps

Open habitats with sparsevegetation

Under a dense forest canopy

5. Select all the advantages that seeds have over spores.

Seeds have increased droughtresistance.

Long term dormancy ispossible.

Sexual reproduction is onlypossible with seeds.

Nutrition is packaged with theembryo.

Widespread dispersal is possible with a seed coat.

6. Nectar is a sugar-laden liquid that is very energeticallyexpensive to produce. Why do plants allocate resources to produceit instead of just producing more flowers?

Nectar serves as an enticement forinsects.

Nectar is sticky and traps windborne pollen.

Nectar provides nutrition to thedeveloping embryo.

Nectar provides energy during pollen tube formation.

7.The dried pericarp that forms the peanut shell provideevidence that peanuts are

legumes.

drupes.

samaras.

pomes.

8. All members of the Anthophyta have

nectaries.

animal pollinators.

scented flowers.

ovules enclosed in carpels.

fleshy fruits for dispersal.

9. Why is external water not essential for fertilization in seedplants?

Ovules are contained within thepollen.

Sperm cells are used to transportpollen to the archegonia.

Seed plants use pollen instead ofsperm for fertilization.

The sperm cells in seed plants arecapable of resisting desiccation.

Pollen grains are transported by wind or an animal.

10.Select the true statements concerning seeds. Can be more thanone

Seeds allow for dormancy untilfavorable conditions arise.

The fruit provides nutrition to thedeveloping embryo.

The ovule dries and forms the seedcoat.

The seed stores all of thenutrition and water the embryo needs to germinate.

Seeds can resist conditions thatwould kill a live plant.

Seeds are key to wide dispersal of offspring.

11. Select the true statements concerning sperm and pollen. Canbe more than one.

In seed plants the entire malegametophyte is dispersed.

The pollen fertilizes the egg.

The pollen tube facilitates thepollination of the ovule.

Pollen transports the cells thatform the sperm but only the sperm fertilizes the egg.

Unlike mosses and ferns water is not needed for fertilization inseed plants.

12.Check which of the following are correct regarding thebenefit of seeds. Can be more than one.

Seeds protect the young embryo byenclosing it in several layers of gametophyte tissue.

Seeds provide a source ofnourishment to the embryonic plant.

The integument forms a seed coatthat protects against desiccation.

Seeds provide a structure in whicha dormant embryo can avoid unfavorable growing conditions andgerminate when conditions improve.

Seeds are a means to transport offspring away from the parentalplant.

13. A fruit-bearing dioecious flower would have

a gynoecium.

neither an androecium nor agynoecium.

an androecium.

both an androecium and a gynoecium.

14. A researcher brings a sample of dry soil to the lab, wetsit, provides ample amounts of fertilizer, and places the soil in acontainer in a greenhouse. Which type of plant would be leastlikely to emerge?

	Corn
	Sunflower
	Liverwort
	Wheat
	Pine seedling

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Question 1

The key innovation that allowed for plant survival on land, seenin the first land plants and all others after, but not in thecharophytes, is

Question 1 options:

	fruit.
	vascular tissue.
	the seed.
	protection of the embryo.

Question 2

Which dramatic change in the alternation-of-generations lifecycle led to the protection of all phases of the life cycle and theformation of seeds?

Question 2 options:

	transition from a dominant gametophyte generation to a dominantsporophyte generation
	transition from a dominant sporophyte generation to a dominantgametophyte generation

Question 3

Which structure(s) allow the sporophyte of vascular plants to beprotected against drying out?

Question 3 options:

	the waxy covering of leaves, called the cuticle
	small openings in the leaves, called stomata
	guard cells that surround each stoma
	all of these structures protect the dominant sporophyte fromdrying out

Question 4

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

Question 4 options:

	because they are specialized for transporting water and organicnutrients
	because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue
	because they protect their embryo
	because they produce wind-blown spores

Question 5

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

Question 5 options:

	the generations are equally dominant
	the sporophyte
	the gametophyte
	there is no sporophyte generation in bryophytes

Question 6

Which of the bryophytes are typically low-lying, due mostly totheir need for moisture and lack of vascular tissue?

Question 6 options:

	the mosses
	the liverworts
	the hornworts
	all of the bryophytes are low-lying

Question 7

Which structure of the moss protects the embryo from dryingout?

Question 7 options:

	the archegonium
	the antheridium
	the sporangium
	the stalk

Question 8

Cooksonia were the first __________ plants; they hadwind-blown spores, __________, leaves, and roots.

Question 8 options:

	nonvascular; branches
	vascular; seeds
	nonvascular; seeds
	vascular; branches

Question 9

The roots of today's lycophytes are much like __________ were inearly vascular plants; the vascular tissue is __________.

Question 9 options:

	roots; centrally placed
	stems; centrally placed
	leaves; only found at the perimeter
	branches; only found at the perimeter

Question 10

Pteridophytes, or ferns and their allies, are __________vascular plants with __________.

Question 10 options:

	seed-producing; microphylls
	seedless; microphylls
	seedless; megaphylls
	seed-producing; megaphylls

Question 11

Microphylls __________. Megaphylls__________.

Question 11 options:

	are found in all vascular plants; are only found in thelycophytes
	are broad leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have several strands vascular tissue
	are broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue
	are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; arebroad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

Question 12

The fern life cycle

Question 12 options:

	all of these choices accurately describe the fern lifecycle.
	is dependent on external water.
	relies on the wind to disperse the spores.
	produces a gametophyte that lacks vascular tissue.

Question 13

Seed plants use meiosis to produce

Question 13 options:

	spores and pollen.
	seeds and fruit.
	pollen and seeds.
	microspores and megaspores.

Question 14

In seed plants, a microspore develops into

Question 14 options:

	an egg.
	a pollen grain.
	a sporophyte.
	All of these answers correctly complete this sentence.

Question 15

Within the angiosperms, or ___________, two groups exist. Theyare named for their __________.

Question 15 options:

	vascular plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	nonvascular plants; leaf type
	flowering plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	fungi; leaf type

Question 16

The __________ parts of a flower are the stamens, each of whichhas two parts: the anther and the filament. The __________ parts ofa flower are the carpel, which has three major regions: the stigma,the style, and the __________.

Question 16 options:

	female; male; ovary
	male; female; sepals
	female; male; sepals
	male; female; ovary

Question 17

Double fertilization during the angiosperm life cycle involvestwo sperm, one of which __________, while the other __________.

Question 17 options:

	fertilizes the egg to form a zygote; produces the endospermnucleus, which will develop into food for the developing plant
	is a mature male gametophyte; is an immature malegametophyte
	lands on the carpel of the plant; is usually blown away in thewind
	develops into the seed; develops into the fruit that surroundsthe seeds

Question 18

The bodies of most fungi are made up of a network of filamentscalled hyphae.

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19

What is the difference between land fungi and the chytrids?

Question 19 options:

	Land fungi are motile and have flagella at all stages of theirlife cycle. The chytrids do not have flagella.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stageof their life cycle. The chytrids have flagellated spores andgametes.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and only have flagellated spores. Thechytrids have flagellated spores and gametes.
	Both are motile for part of their life cycle. Land fungi aremotile as gametes. Chytrids are motile as spores.

Question 20

The vast majority of described species of fungi are __________fungi, which include unicellular __________, which reproducesexually once their food supply runs out. When yeast ferment, theyproduce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 20 options:

	zygospore; black bread molds
	club; mushroom
	sac; yeast
	mutualistic; lichen

yellowmuskrat453

Norman Borlaug won the 1970 Nobel Peace Prize for:

His discovery that plant secondary metabolites play a role in defending plants from insects and diseases.

Creating the FlavrSavr tomato.

His discovery of the area of origin for maize.

His work to create improved, high yield crop varieties that helped to prevent starvation.

Producing the first transgenic plant.

Which of the following best demonstrates evolution?

Your pet walks to the door when it hears your car in the driveway.

A crop has a higher yield after fertilizer is added.

Over time, a gene for disease resistance becomes more frequent in a population of plants.

A giraffe with a longer neck survives a drought year, while one with a shorter neck does not.

A houseplant is moved to a sunnier location and it starts to grow more vigorously.

What is the difference between genetically-modified and transgenic crops?

Genetically-modified crops are produced using modern techniques, while transgenic crops are produced through classical breeding.

Transgenic crops are illegal, while genetically-modified crops are not.

Genetically-modified crops are a type of transgenic crop specifically bred for high yield.

Transgenic crops are a type of genetically-modified crops, in which scientists have inserted genes from another species.

They are the same.

The repeated domestication of grasses (i.e., cereals) and legumes across the globe is likely because:

Human populations were often starving, and needed an additional food source

Only grasses, not legumes, were repeatedly domesticated

Early technologies allowed early agriculturalists the ability to communicate with each other over long distances to discuss what plants were best for domestication.

Both already possessed all of the traits needed for domestication

Both contain almost all of the amino acids our bodies need to build proteins.

What is one type of information that can be gathered by archeologists who are studying dental caries (cavities) of ancient populations?

The time of year the person died

How many children the person had

The type of plants they may have been consuming

The types of tools used for planting/harvesting grains

How many conflicts they have been part of

Which of the following types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting?

Vertical farms

CSA farms

Alternative farms (crickets, caterpillars, other arthropods)

All of these types of agriculture can be practiced in an urban setting

Community gardens

In discussing the origin of agriculture, the term demographic stress refers to:

That the stresses on pre-domesticated plant species led to the development of traits that result in the "domestication syndromeâ

Lower productivity of un-cultivated plants due to late-Pleistocene cooling.

Hobbes's assertion that hunter-gatherer groups did not posses the knowledge or skills to develop agriculture.

The situation where human populations are greater than the carrying capacity of the environment.

A higher incidence of religious practice in societies following the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.

In what way did Harlanâs theory give rise to Diamondâs theory?

It recognized that agricultural societies were healthier and better fed than hunter-gatherer societies.

It recognized agriculture might have developed by different mechanisms in different parts of the world.

It recognized the reason agriculture did not develop in certain parts of the world was because people lacked the intelligence or skill.

Both make the assumption that hunter-gatherers were (and still are) superior to agriculturists.

It is a basic case of scientific plagiarism - Diamonds theory is identical to Harlans theory.

Plant species that rely on _______ pollination produce much more pollen than those using other methods.

Brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli and cauliflower are all different varieties of the same species, Brassica oleracea. This group of plants demonstrates that crop breeding can lead to:

Low within variety and high between variety diversity

High between variety diversity

Low within variety diversity

High within variety and high between variety diversity

High within variety and low between variety diversity

If a plant can grow well all by itself in the wild, yet still retains desirable agronomic traits, the plant is ____________________.

Choose the single best answer

The inability of plants to move makes it difficult for them to:

Create oxygen.

Disperse seeds.

Defend themselves.

Disperse seeds and defend themselves.

Disperse seeds, defend themselves, and create oxygen.

Vavilov hypothesized that in a crop plant's area of origin we should expect:

Greater diversity for trans-domesticated species, but lower diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Lower genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

Lower diversity for trans-domesticated species, but greater diversity for species domesticated in their area of origin.

Greater herbivore damage because of increased genetic diversity.

Greater genetic diversity than in areas outside of the plant's area of origin.

______________________ compounds are produced by plants, but are not necessary for the plant's immediate survival. However, they often help protect plants from being eaten.

What is the difference between classically bred varieties and landraces?

Landraces cannot be harvested using domesticated animals; classically bred crops can be harvested using domesticated animals.

Landraces have no means of seed dispersal; classically bred crops can readily disperse their seeds

Landraces are grown in dry conditions; classically bred crops are wetland species

Landraces are often (though not always) developed by unintentional processes; classically bred crops are developed by intentionally breeding for desired traits using modern techniques

Landraces are not edible by humans; classical bred crops can be eaten

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BIOL1002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Pollen Tube, Pollination, Double Fertilization

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