BUSS1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 10: Gender Pay Gap, Temporary Work, Baby Boomers
28 May 2018
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WEEK 10: THE FUTURE OF WORK
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
• Generational shifts occurring within the workforce
• Ageing population: Growing proportion of pop aged 65+
o Strain on infrastructure (e.g. hospitals)
o Baby boomers about to retire
o Need to find ways to do more things with less people
o People living longer
• Male and female participation rates: 1978-2014
o Male rate falling à almost 10%
§ Prime age men dropping out of WF
o Female rate rising à about 15%
§ More women in the workforce than men
§ Now more steady (not leaving WF when having a child)
o BUT doesn’t reflect the type of job
• Role of immigrants:
o 25% of Aus WF is internationally born
o Used to look for people to do jobs Australians didn’t want to do à Now looking for skilled workers
WORKFORCE – MEN AND WOMEN
• Gender pay gap: currently 17.3%
o Factors contributing to gap:
§ Women and men work in different industries (industrial segregation) + different jobs
(occupational segregation)
§ Historically, female-dominated jobs attracted lower wages than male ones
§ Lack of women in senior positions + lack of part-time/flexible senior roles
§ Women’s more precarious attachment to workforce (unpaid caring responsibilities)
§ Differences in education, work experience, seniority
§ Discrimination (direct and indirect)
• Gender Divide:
o Glass ceiling à higher positions
o Glass walls à leave traditional jobs
o Glass cliffs
• Industry trends:
o Services increased around 30% since 1900
o Agriculture declined around 20% since 1900
o Mining declined almost 10% since 1900
o Manufacturing grew, then declined since 1900
• Education trends:
o Increasing year 12 retention rate
§ 2016: 83% of students completed the year
o 15-24 year olds enrolled in study has increased
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE GIG ECONOMY
• Almost 5 million jobs (40%) face a high probability of being replaced in the next decade or two
o Further 18.4% has a medium probability of roles being eliminated
o Jobs w/ low levels of social interaction, creativity, mobility + dexterity are more likely to be automated
• Industrial revolution: huge industry shifts = high unemployment
o Transitioned to other industries = efficient economy à structural unemployment
o Needs Gov contribution à retraining
o People need to actively consider future trends when choosing degrees, jobs etc.
• Arguments:
o Use of robots / AI will lead to a fall in the market as only jobs will be low paid, unless lucky
o Can improve role of human as new technologies will emerge
o Focus on what humans can do à change will be hard, many may be trapped without skills + work
• Gig economy: economy in which more people choose to, or are forced to, earn their livelihood working on lots of
small ‘gigs’ rather than being employed full or part time
• Importance of education: part to play in giving people professional and vocational skills, also mindset of
innovative change agent
Health Care and Social
Assistance
20.9%
Education and Training
11.6%
Construction
11.2%
Professional, Scientific and
Technical Services
11.1%
Accommodation and Food
Services
9.1%
Retail Trade
9.0%
Transport, Postal and
Warehousing
4.9%
Public Administration and
Safety
4.1%
Financial and Insurance
Services
3.8%
Other
14.3%
Document Summary
Prime age men dropping out of wf: female rate rising about 15% More women in the workforce than men. Workforce men and women: gender pay gap: currently 17. 3, factors contributing to gap: Women and men work in different industries (industrial segregation) + different jobs (occupational segregation) Historically, female-dominated jobs attracted lower wages than male ones. Lack of women in senior positions + lack of part-time/flexible senior roles. Women"s more precarious attachment to workforce (unpaid caring responsibilities) Discrimination (direct and indirect: gender divide, glass ceiling higher positions, glass walls leave traditional jobs, glass cliffs. Industry trends: services increased around 30% since 1900, agriculture declined around 20% since 1900, mining declined almost 10% since 1900, manufacturing grew, then declined since 1900. 9. 1: 15-24 year olds enrolled in study has increased. The role of artificial intelligence and the gig economy.
