ESSC11004 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: National Health And Medical Research Council, Portable Document Format

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25 Jul 2018

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Week 9 - risk management and ethical concepts in. What is the purpose of research? review or synthesise existing knowledge investigate existing situations or problems provide solutions to problems explore and analyse general issues construct or create new procedures or systems explain new phenomena generate new knowledge. When conducting research we must abide by the highest standards of ethical code of conduct when planning and carrying out research. We must take regardless for the interests, privacy and safety and well being of the people who can be directly or indirectly a ected by our study or research. Breach of duty of care this is when negligence has arrised e. g patient has been harmed and the doctor has failed to attempt preventing or failed to react to this. Courts objectively determine standard of care by analysing published standards of practice scope of practice code of practices ethical code of conduct.

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Assignment Instructions: The founder of On-Time Technology Products is being pressured by their biggest investor to use cheaper parts that will not last more than one year. Based on your reading of ethics in this PowerPointÂ©presentation, apply ethical reasoning to respond to this big investor regarding your companyâs ethical position on using these cheaper parts.

Checklist:

â¢Review the PowerPoint presentation on consequential, non-consequential, and virtue ethics. below copied in word

â¢Then using an ethical perspective from the above presentation, and apply it to respond to the big investor.

â¢Discuss how your ethical response also complies with providing exceptional customer service. Scenario Background:

On-Time Technology Products (OTTP) sells products relating to time. Their product line consists of a huge assortment of clocks, watches, daytime planner books, and software. Many of their products are unique and innovative. They have been frequently compared to other high-end retailers.. Their products are sold in retail stores, via the Internet, and via catalogs. Their call center is presently in Dayton, Ohio. Mark MacGibson is the new President for On-Time Technology Products. Mr. MacGibson is a graduate from Kaplan Universityâs MBA program. Mary Graff has a Bachelorâs degree in Business from Kaplan University and is the supervisor for the Customer Service Representatives. Mr. MacGibson and Ms. Graffâs plans are to take On-Time Technology Products to a new level of exceptional customer service.

PowelPoint below in word..

An Overview of Consequential, Nonconsequential and Virtue Ethics Theories

What is Ethics?

Ethics is the study of those values that relate to our moral conduct, including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility.

Consequentialist Theories:

Consequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends only on its consequences.

It only considers the result of actions and not principles or rules in determining morality.

Types of Consequentialist Theories:

Ethical Egoism argues that each person should act in their own self interests.

Act Utilitarianism argues that each person should act in a way that produces the greatest happiness for everyone.

Rule Utilitarianism argues that each person should follow rules that tend to produce the greatest happiness for everyone.

Weaknesses of Consequentialist Theories:

Requires person to predict the future and all possible outcomes.

Can easily be used to justify questionable actions (the end justifies the means).

Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Nonconsequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends on principles or other factors that are not related to consequences.

Types of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine command theory argues that we should obey the laws of God.

Kantâs Categorical Imperative states that we should always act in a way that is based on reason, duty, and would be considered ethical if everyone acted in the exact same way. Also, people should be treated as an ends and not as a means.

Weaknesses of Nonconsequentialist Theories:

Divine Command requires a high degree of interpretation skills.

Variety of religions makes standards hard to develop for all.

Can be rigid and ignore outcomes

Virtue Ethics:

Virtue ethics seeks to identify character traits of a moral person and develop those with the idea that the virtuous person will act in a virtuous manner. It does not look to principles or consequences.

Virtue ethics was developed among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and Confucius.

Virtue ethics enjoys modern support as an approach that avoids many of the problems with Consequential and Nonconsequential ethical theories.

Weaknesses of Virtue Theory:

Difficulty in determining just which characteristics are virtues

Justification for respecting a virtue usually brings one back to either consequences or principles.

Difficulty in applying to specific situations.

Conclusion:

One theory is not enough to cover all possible choices.

Theories can be synthesized to fit oneâs philosophy of life.

One theoryâs weakness is anotherâs strength.

ivorytermite127

You are a physician who just completed medical school. The United States of America is undergoing a lot of restructuring of the medical field so you are trying to educate yourself on political candidates to make sure you agree with their policies that will affect your job directly. There is a presidential primary approaching and the two candidates from your political party have come to a local hospital to debate their health care policy plans.
The debate quickly turns to HIV/AIDS as a lot of money is dedicated to a disease that affects an estimated 0.4% of the US population1. It is predicted that the federal government will allocate
25.3 billion USD on HIV research, prevention, testing, and treatment in 2016.2
Candidate 1, Thrif T. Fellows, thinks this level of spending is excessive and recommends reducing HIV funding and allocating those monies into other health-related programs. The candidate cites that despite the large amounts of money directed to HIV prevention and treatment there are more people living with HIV/AIDS than ever before. Therefore, the resources committed to HIV prevention and treatment have not made a difference. Additionally, he states that the majority of people who are HIV positive are aware of their status already so there is no need to continue pouring resources into testing.
Candidate 2, Biggs Pender, argues that the HIV/AIDS funding has actually decreased the number of new infections. This has been achieved by increased screening, drug development, and supplementing the medical care of HIV positive individuals who cannot afford their medication without assistance. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is closely associated with poverty. Therefore, cutting funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment will put impoverished populations at even greater risk.
Using the provided documents, decide which candidate has a better grasp of the HIV epidemic in the US. Should the funds dedicated to HIV prevention and treatment should be allocated to other public health issues? Compose a letter to the editor of the local paper to share your analysis.
Instructions:
This is an exercise in using data to solve problems. You are provided with a scenario, prompt, and a series of documents. You must use the documents provided to formulate a decision. You need to clearly state which candidate Mr. Fellows or Mr. Pender has the better HIV funding policy and refer to the data from the documents to justify your choice.
You will be judged on the accuracy and thoroughness of your justification, your clarity in stating your point, and the organization of your arguments. Write in proper English grammar using full sentences.
Attachments:
Document A: excerpt from âTodayâs HIV/AIDS Epidemicâ (CDC)
Document B: HIV or AIDS Diagnoses from 1982 â 2014 (CDC, Annual HIV Surveillance Reports)
Document C: excerpt from âTrends in US HIV Diagnoses 2005-2014â (CDC)
Document D: excerpt from âCommunities in Crisis: Is there a generalized HIV epidemic in impoverished urban areas in the United States?â (NHBS-HET-1)
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
www.aids.gov
Document B: Annual HIV or AIDS diagnoses in the United States of America from 1982 â
2014. Source: CDC Annual HIV Surveillance Reports
Document C: excerpt from âTrends in U.S. HIV Diagnoses, 2005-2014â published by The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, February 2016.

Document D: excerpt from âCommunities in Crisis: Is There a Generalized HIV
Epidemic in Impoverished Urban Areas of the United States?â by Paul Denning,
MD, MPH and Elizabeth DiNenno, PhD
Data from National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System for Heterosexuals âRound
1 (NHBS-HET-1)

tanworm440

Please read the article below and answer the following question, use economic analysis to answer the question. In your answer, ensure that you use relevant economic theories, concepts, and/or diagrams.

d) What can we as private individuals do to address these concerns in the absence of government intervention? Are such private solutions likely to be effective?

The Australian dairy farming industry is in a state of crisis. Cheap dairy products and fluctuations in both the domestic and global markets have taken a financial toll on farmers. Consumers have rallied to help struggling dairy producers. But this is only half the problem. The true cost of dairy is also paid by dairy cows and the environment.

Welfare problems:

Despite the idyllic image of outdoor farming, several industry practices negatively affect dairy cows. To meet production demands, dairy cows are subject to a continuous cycle of impregnation, induced calving, and milking. Tail-docking and horn removal are routinely performed without pain relief. Lameness is another major animal welfare problem, often the result of environmental pressures, such as tracks, herd size, and handling. The average lifespan of a dairy cow is six to seven years, whereas generally, cows can live for 20 to 25 years. One of the most controversial issues is young bobby calves. A bobby calf is a newborn calf, less than 30 days old, who has been purposely separated from its mother. Immediately after separation, the cow and calf call out and search for each other. Most bobby calves are slaughtered within the first week of their life. Handling and transport pose added problems for young calves who have not developed herding behaviors, are vulnerable to stress, and are forced to go without their mother's milk. Each year, 450,000 bobby calves are slaughtered. Dairy farmers are being milked dry, but let's remember the real cost of milk May 25, 2016, 6.11 am AEST The dairy industry faces a number of welfare and environmental issues. Cow image from www.shutterstock.com Advocacy groups frequently uncover the routine abuse of bobby calves in Australian abattoirs and challenge the dairy industry to do something about it. Yet aside from the wider ethical questions over the use and exploitation of animals, farmers are not legally doing anything wrong. This is because the treatment of animals operates in a legal context where animals are considered absolute property. What's more, farm animals are exempt from the provisions of anti-cruelty legislation. Codes of practice are practically useless because they promote low welfare standards and are unenforceable.

The environmental impact:

As well as systematic welfare problems, livestock farming is, both directly and indirectly, one of the most ecologically harmful human activities. The Australian livestock sector is worth A$17 billion and dairy cattle farming is a A$4.2 billion industry. In Australia, livestock farming accounts for 10% to 16% of greenhouse gas emissions, with dairy farms contributing 19% of this or 3% of total emissions. Methane emissions, from digestion and manure, and nitrous oxide from livestock are significant contributors. Globally, the livestock sector is responsible for more greenhouse gases than the world's transport. Livestock production accounts for 70% of all agricultural land, including the land used to grow crops to feed these animals. Animal agriculture is a key factor in land degradation, deforestation, water stress, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Livestock farming will also be affected by climate change, particularly changes in temperature and water. The quantity and quality of pasture and forage crops will also be affected. Diseases may increase due to fluctuating weather and climate.

Emissions can be reduced:

Just as the energy sector is attempting to transition to low-carbon energy sources to tackle climate change, the agricultural sector needs to transition to an ethical and sustainable alternative. From the current crisis, there are several opportunities for farmers to seize. Large transitions are possible in land use, production, output, and profitability. Places such as Gippsland in Victoria, which currently produces 19% of Australia's dairy, have the opportunity for agricultural development based on apples and brassicas, such as broccoli, kale, cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, and mustard. Some of these crops are already popular in the region. As a result of climate change and increasing temperatures, some areas will be more suitable than others. While still in the stages of research, perennial grain crops that store more carbon, maintain better soil and water quality, and manage nutrients better than annuals have the potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture. New land uses could also include carbon plantings, biofuels, and bioenergy crops. Investing in further research for alternatives to livestock farming is needed. Some have argued that livestock emissions can be technically mitigated by modifying animal feed, better managing pastures, carbon sequestration, and manure storage.

Welfare issues remain:

But technical mitigation does not address the endemic animal welfare problems in the livestock industry. Consumer demand is one of the most powerful strategies to combat animal welfare and environmental problems. Research shows that we must reduce food waste and losses in the supply chain and change our diets toward less resource-intensive diets, such as plant-based diets. Doing so would cut emissions by two-thirds and save lives. It's possible to eliminate animal suffering and reduce carbon emissions by reducing and replacing livestock production and consumption. Alternatives to dairy milk include soy and almond milk. Soy milk is nutritionally comparable to dairy milk and has a significantly smaller environmental footprint. Policy initiatives also need to address these issues. The Food and Agriculture Organization's Livestock's Long Shadow report recommends a policy approach that correctly prices natural resources to reflect the full environmental costs and to end damaging subsidies. In the interim, higher taxes on meat and other livestock products will be necessary to improve public health and combat climate change. Denmark, for instance, is considering proposals to raise the tax on meat after its ethics council concluded that climate change is an ethical problem. Governments everywhere need to have a transitional plan for livestock producers and workers - one that helps to cultivate the ethical and sustainable agricultural endeavors of the future.

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ESSC11004 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: National Health And Medical Research Council, Portable Document Format

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