ENGR2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Trac, Reynolds Transport Theorem, Curtin University
2 Jul 2018
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2nd-Year Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University
ENGR2000: FLUID MECHANICS
For Second-year Chemical, Petroleum, Civil & Mechanical Engineering
FLUID MECHANICS LECTURE NOTES
CHAPTER 3: MASS CONSERVATION, MOMENTUM AND ENERGY
3.1 Introduction
In order to introduce the ideas of conservation, it is often necessary to isolate
a part of the system and consider what is going on within that part of the
flow field. This is achieved by using a control volume (CV). We enclose a
part of the whole system by a notional boundary and perform our analysis
using the CV – what is happening within it and what is happening at its
boundaries. Examples of CV’s are seen in Fig. 3.1.
FIGURE 3.1: Examples of control volumes
Chapter 3 −Page 1
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2nd-Year Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University
Note that a CV can include regions where there is no fluid. The CV surface
- called the Control Surface (CS) - should not cross solid boundaries nor,
strictly, include solid components; however, we can ‘isolate’ such elements by
putting a separate CS around them. Often (see lower example in Fig. 3.1)
we do not bother to draw this isolating boundary in since it does not affect
the analysis.
The CV’s illustrated above are stationary; we can use moving CV’s – would
these be of greater use? In mathematical terminology should we use an
Eulerian (fixed frame) or Lagrangian (moving frame) approach to under-
standing flow behaviour? Consider the following analogy to fluid flow: Traffic
is travelling along a road and we wish to characterise it. The Eulerian would
set up a check-point at a particular location and measure the number of cars
per hour passing that point. In contrast, the Lagrangian would follow partic-
ular vehicles and determine their destinations. Each is valid form of analysis
meeting different interests.
In Fluid Mechanics, we are not generally interested in the fate of a particular
‘lump’ of fluid and so we adopt a Eulerian approach. In Solid Mechanics the
Lagrangian approach is used because we are concerned with the motion (eg.
locii and orbits) of particular parts of the structure.
3.2 Mass conservation
The principle of mass conservation is based upon the physical recognition that
mass is neither created nor destroyed (certainly in the Newtonian world!).
In Fluid Mechanics, this is interpreted in terms of mass flow. For a control
volume in which the mean flow field is time independent, we can say that
the rate of mass flow into a CV must be equal to the rate at which it leaves.
To illustrate this idea, consider Fig. 3.X1.
Chapter 3 −Page 2
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2nd-Year Fluid Mechanics, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Curtin University
FIGURE 3.X1: Fluid mass flow through a simple pipe system
Denoting a mass flow-rate as ˙m(the over-dot means ’rate with time’, i.e. the
time derivative) with units kg/s, then it is obvious that
˙m1= ˙m2+ ˙m3(3.X1)
to show that this is a conservation principle, re-write it as
0 = ˙m1−˙m2−˙m3
|{z }
Net mass flow-rate into CV
(3.X2)
Thus the net mass flow rate into (or out of) the CV is zero so no fluid mass
is ‘being created’ inside the CV.
With the above ideas in mind, we now undertake a general analysis of mass
conservation that can be applied to any flow field.
For simplicity we shall consider a two-dimensional flow. We set up a CV in
the flow as shown in Fig. 3.2. To make life easy we choose a square CV with
sides in the x- and y-directions. The choice of CV can be very important in
facilitating the analysis.
Chapter 3 −Page 3
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Document Summary
For second-year chemical, petroleum, civil & mechanical engineering. In order to introduce the ideas of conservation, it is often necessary to isolate a part of the system and consider what is going on within that part of the. This is achieved by using a control volume (cv). We enclose a part of the whole system by a notional boundary and perform our analysis using the cv what is happening within it and what is happening at its boundaries. Note that a cv can include regions where there is no uid. Called the control surface (cs) - should not cross solid boundaries nor, strictly, include solid components; however, we can isolate" such elements by putting a separate cs around them. 3. 1) we do not bother to draw this isolating boundary in since it does not a ect the analysis. Consider the following analogy to uid ow: tra c is travelling along a road and we wish to characterise it.
