GMED1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Probiotic, Semisynthesis, Human Microbiota

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Natural compounds produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit other microorganisms. Can be synthetic or semi-synthetic (natural antibiotics that have been artificially modified) Antagonism: compounds act against each other to reduce effect. Bacteriostatic: compounds that inhibit microorganism growth (bugs still viable). Inhibit the last stage of cell wall production. Because eukaryotes don"t ha(cid:448)e cell (cid:449)alls and no peptidoglycan, these work well as they kill bacteria without damaging host cells. However, many organisms express -lactamase enzymes with can break down these antibiotics. Multiple resistant genes possible within a single organism. Over prescription = over exposure = selective pressure. Not completing an antibiotic course = selecting resistant mutants. Used in intensive farming, so resistant animal strains consumed by humans. Prolonged use can reduce normal flora at some body sites, particularly gastrointestinal tract. Why probiotics are good if using broad spectrum antibiotics. Fungi difficult to treat as they are eukaryotic (sim. Toxicity can be a problem (kidneys, liver, bone marrow)

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