HUMB1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Labia Majora, Lactiferous Duct, Pubic Symphysis

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12 Jun 2018

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Female Reproductive System

Functions

1. Production of gametes

• Oocytes – 23 chromosomes

2. Fertilization

• Enhances fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. Receives the sperm and

transports them to the fertilization site.

3. Development and nourishment of a new individual

• Nurtures in the uterus until birth and provides nourishment after birth

4. Production of reproductive hormones

• Control development of system and development of female body form.

Hormones are essential for normal function of the reproductive system and

reproductive behaviour

Female Reproductive System (6 organs)

❖ Breasts/Mammary glands – breastfeeding

❖ External genitalia

❖ Vagina

❖ Uterus – uterine cycle & pregnancy

❖ Uterine tubes – fertilization

❖ Ovaries – oogenesis & ovarian cycle

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The Breast

• Highly variable in size, anterior to the pectoralis

major muscle

• Each breast has a pigmented projection, the nipple,

which has a series of lactiferous duct openings (milk

release).

• The pigmented region surrounding the nipple, the

areola, appears rough as it contains sebaceous

glands (sebum)

• Strands of connective tissue called Coopers

ligaments (suspensory) support each breast –

slacken with age.

• Secondary sex characteristic

❖ Synthesise, secrete and expel milk.

❖ Each breast contains mammary glands,

modified sweat glands, that produces

milk.

❖ Each gland consists of 15-20 lobes

separated by adipose tissue with each

lobe containing lobules, which contain

alveoli

❖ The Breast Alevoli / ducts develop

during late pregnancy, true milk

production (prolactin)

❖ Myoepithelial cells propel milk towards

the nipple.

❖ Stimulation - mechanical and hormonal

(oxytocin – milk letdown – positive

feedback).

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External Genitalia (vulva)

❖ Vulva – vaginal vestibule (space) and surrounding structures.

❖ Vestibule – extends from vaginal opening to clitoris, bordered laterally by labia

minora.

❖ Labia minora – skin folds, unite anteriorly to form prepuce (clitoral hood).

❖ Clitoris – anterior border of vestibule, small mass of sensory and erectile tissue

Within the vestibule, glands that produce fluid to moisten: Greater vestibular, Lesser

vestibular, Paraurethral glands

❖ Labia majora: rounded folds of skin on either side of labia minora. Medial surfaces

covered with numerous sebaceous and sweat glands. Homologous to the scrotum.

Pubic hair.

❖ Mons pubis: anteriorly labia majora merge in an elevated (adipose) area over the

symphysis pubis (pubic hair)

Perineum

Diamond shaped region medial to thighs and buttocks in males and females and contains

the external genitals and the anus.

Divided into 2 triangles: Anterior urogenital triangle contains the external genitalia. Posterior

triangle contains the anus. Different in males vs females.

Clinical perineum – between vagina and anus - plays a more important role in childbirth -

stretching caused by the emerging baby - which can sometimes result in an episiotomy being

performed.

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Document Summary

Functions: production of gametes, oocytes 23 chromosomes, fertilization, enhances fertilization of the oocyte by the sperm. Hormones are essential for normal function of the reproductive system and reproductive behaviour. Each breast contains mammary glands, modified sweat glands, that produces milk. Each gland consists of 15-20 lobes separated by adipose tissue with each lobe containing lobules, which contain alveoli. The breast alevoli / ducts develop during late pregnancy, true milk production (prolactin) Myoepithelial cells propel milk towards the nipple. Stimulation - mechanical and hormonal (oxytocin milk letdown positive feedback). Vulva vaginal vestibule (space) and surrounding structures. Vestibule extends from vaginal opening to clitoris, bordered laterally by labia minora. Labia minora skin folds, unite anteriorly to form prepuce (clitoral hood). Clitoris anterior border of vestibule, small mass of sensory and erectile tissue. Within the vestibule, glands that produce fluid to moisten: greater vestibular, lesser vestibular, paraurethral glands. Labia majora: rounded folds of skin on either side of labia minora.

Related Questions

106) A fertilized egg must embed in this organfor pregnancy to occur.

A) vagina

B) uterus

C) ovaries

D) myometrium

E) oviduct

107) The opening of the uterus is referred toas

A) the endometrium.

B) the oviduct.

C) the cervix.

D) the fimbriae.

E) the clitoris.

108) When the oocyte is released from theovary, it is transported to the uterus by the

A) fimbriae.

B) flagella.

C) oviduct.

D) ductus deferens.

E) endometrium.

109) Prior to the onset of lactation, themammary glands are prepared for the production of milk by

A) the hormonal action of estrogen andprogesterone.

B) the completion of ovulation.

C) degeneration of the corpus luteum.

D) deactivation of FSH, LH and GnRH.

E) synthesis of FSH.

110) Which of the stages in the diagramabove occurs due to a surge of LH midway through the ovariancycle?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

111) Which of the stages in the diagram abovedegenerates if the fertilized egg does not embed in the uterus?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

112) At the beginning of each ovarian cycle,which of the following hormones causes the development of a primaryoocyte?

A) estrogen

B) LH

C) prolactin

D) progesterone

E) FSH

113) If pregnancy does occur, a layer oftissue from the embryo called the chorion begins to secrete thehormone

A) GnRH.

B) estrogen.

C) FSH.

D) hCG.

E) LH.

114) Which of the following methods ofenhancing fertility involves the placement of sperm andunfertilized eggs into the oviduct?

A) artificial insemination

B) in vitro fertilization

C) gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

D) hysteroscopy

E) zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

114) Drugs like Viagra, Cialis and Levitra arenot aphrodisiacs, meaning that they do not cause an erection,rather they function by

A) increasing LH and FSH release.

B) promoting blood inflow into the penis.

C) increasing the net movement of calcium ionsinto vascular smooth muscles in the penis.

D) stimulating sensitivity in peniletissues.

E) decreasing inhibin production.

115) If fertilization does not occur followingrelease of the egg by the ovary, then the ________ will degenerateapproximately two weeks after ovulation.

A) primary oocyte

B) oviduct

C) endometrium layer

D) corpus luteum

E) All of the above are correct.

116) Chemicals or particles in air that haveadverse effects on living organisms is termed

A) acid rain.

B) eutrophication.

C) pollution.

D) global warming.

E) dentrification.

117) Gases such as nitrous oxide and carbondioxide are called greenhouse gases because

A) they block sunlight from reaching theEarth.

B) they block specific wavelengths of sunlightfrom penetrating.

C) these gases permit sunlight to enter buttrap the heat energy in the atmosphere.

D) they block both sunlight and heat energyfrom penetrating the atmosphere.

E) they stimulate photosynthesis in mostplants.

118) The ozone layer can be destroyed bypollutants such as

A) sulfur dioxide.

B) halons and CFCs.

C) carbon monoxide.

D) hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

E) carbon dioxide and oxygen.

119) The main human activities that haveraised atmospheric CO2 levels are

A) succession and adaptive radiation.

B) home development on grasslands andwetlands.

C) drainage of wetlands areas along rivers andoceans.

D) deforestation and burning fossil fuels.

E) really negligent because CO2levels have risen and fallen naturally regardless of humanactivity.

120) "Earth's fever" is in reference to

A) a rise in the temperature of the Earthbelieved to be due to greenhouse gases.

B) the potential pandemics that manyscientists believe could occur at any time with the burgeoninghuman population.

C) current disease epidemics, mainly thoseassociated with disease spreading from animals like birds andlivestock to humans.

D) the Earth's crust.

E) potential volcanic eruptions in locationsthat have not experienced such activity in many years.

121) Certain gases in the upper atmosphereallow sunlight to pass through to the Earth's surface, but preventheat from escaping. This is known as

A) global positioning.

B) desertification.

C) the greenhouse effect.

D) thermal inversion.

E) eutrophication.

122) The largest hole in the ozone layeroccurs in the stratospheric layer over

A) the Amazon rainforests.

B) the eastern coast of the United States.

C) the western coast of the United States.

D) Africa and South America.

E) Antarctica.

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HUMB1001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Labia Majora, Lactiferous Duct, Pubic Symphysis

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