INDH1006 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Environmental Health, Health Equity, World Health Organization

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aquamarinecod406

26 May 2018

School

Curtin University

Department

Indigeneous Health/Indigeneous Studies/Indigeneous Education

Course

INDH1006

Professor

George

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Notes 3 – Global indigenous Experience and the determinants of health

Learning outcomes

The determinants of health

In order to gain an understanding of the factors associated with the ‘gap’ in health between Indigenous

and non-indigenous populations it is necessary to identify and critically analyse the complex interaction

of the determinants of health.

The determinants of health include:

1. Biological determinants (genetics, sex, age, body weight, blood pressure, glucose levels,

cholesterol levels; birth weight).

2. Health behaviours as a determinant (e.g. Alcohol, tobacco and/or other drug use, diet, lifestyle,

unprotected sex)

3. Environmental determinants of health, based on the definition of environmental health, include:

‘… all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors

impacting behaviours … targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive

environments (including clean air and water, healthy workplaces, safe houses, community spaces

and roads and managing climate change’ (WHO, 2016, p.4).

Environmental and social determinants of health are closely linked.

4. Social determinants:

“social determinants are functions of the circumstances in which people live, work and grow;

largely shaped by the distribution of resources and power, these determinants are closely linked

to and mediate exposure to environmental risk factors such as working conditions, housing, water

and sanitation or healthy lifestyles” (WHO, 2016, p. 4).

(Health services or medical care: for example, access to quality health care and having or not having

insurance is included in some descriptions of determinants).

1. Describe and discuss the determinants of health.

2. Discuss the social determinants of health identified by the World Health Organization (WHO).

3. Identify social determinants in additional to those identified by the WHO that are specific to

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

4. Define Indigenous populations.

5. Describe different experiences of colonisation of Indigenous populations globally.

6. Compare the different health outcomes of global Indigenous populations.

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Figure 1: A conceptual framework for determinants of health. AIHW, 2010, p.65

This framework for the determinants displays a web of the causes, part of broad causal pathways or

chains, moving from left to right that impact health.

Figure 2: The determinants of health. Dahlgren, G and Whitehead, 1991, p.9

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Document Summary

Notes 3 global indigenous experience and the determinants of health. Learning outcomes: describe and discuss the determinants of health, discuss the social determinants of health identified by the world health organization (who), identify social determinants in additional to those identified by the who that are specific to. Aboriginal and torres strait islander peoples: define indigenous populations, describe different experiences of colonisation of indigenous populations globally, compare the different health outcomes of global indigenous populations. In order to gain an understanding of the factors associated with the gap" in health between indigenous and non-indigenous populations it is necessary to identify and critically analyse the complex interaction of the determinants of health. Environmental and social determinants of health are closely linked: social determinants: Figure 1: a conceptual framework for determinants of health. This framework for the determinants displays a web of the causes, part of broad causal pathways or chains, moving from left to right that impact health.

Related Questions

For this assignment, Part One of your course project, assume the role of Dr. Madness. Your rogue nation seeks global domination. With a bare bones laboratory and your exhaustive microbiological and epidemiological knowledge, you (Dr. Madness) decide that the best way to rule the world is to create and disseminate the perfect biological weapon.

For this part of the assignment, you will develop your weapon from the ground up. Discuss nearly all of the epidemiological criteria related to it, and justify and discuss why it is used and how effective it is. This agent could be a hybrid of other biological pathogens or an entirely new one. If the agent is newly created, there must be some basis and epidemiological support of a similar agent by which you can base your justification. In other words, it will be unrealistic to create an airborne virus that inoculates and kills within one hour. There must be a realistic exposure and incubation time and must be supported through current agent biology or biochemistry (for example, influenza exposure and incubation takes 1â4 days).

Name of Agent: Explain why you chose the name. If it is a biological agent, be sure to provide a taxonomic name

Etiology: This will talk about the genesis of your agent. Where was it discovered? How was it made? How long has it been around? Why was this agent created? What were the social and economic factors of your rogue nation that made Dr. Madness focus on this element of the agent? What are the environmental precursors to this agent? Discuss the interaction among agent, host, and environment.

Identification: This will describe the basics of the agent. Is it a bacteria, virus, toxin, parasite, hybrid, or something else? Discuss how your agent presents within the human population. What are the symptoms in humans? What are the (zoonotic) symptoms in animals? How does the disease progress? Are there stages? Discuss the various stages including length of infection, severity, and the like. What are the diagnostic indicators? How would a doctor be able to identify this agent in a clinic or emergency room?

Laboratory Analysis: How will the agent be identified? Can it be grown in media? What type of laboratory methods can be used to identify the agent (microscopy, chromatography, PCR, and so on)?

Occurrence: This is the epi: who, what, when, where, how, and why of the disease. Where does it happen? When can it be found? Who is most and least susceptible to the agent (risk factors). More exotic and hard to find agents are harder to prevent and control but are also more difficult to initiate an epidemic or pandemic, whereas more generalized and known agents may be easier to cure, but have a much wider swath of causing pandemics. How do socioeconomic factors foster or inhibit the spread of disease?

Reservoir: What is the natural reservoir of the agent? Are there other organisms where this agent can reside without causing disease? Increasing the reservoir can enhance transmission but can also allow for easier identification and treatment in response to it.

Mode of Transmission: Consider inhalation, absorption, digestion, contact, and so forth. If you use multiple modes, justify your selections.

Incubation Period: Provide the range with an average (median) day of disease onset. Does the period change in different socioeconomic status identifiers (sex, age, race, creed, and so on)? Why or why not?

Period of communicability: How long is a person with this agent contagious? Increasing this period also increases the opportunity for study and thus treatment and control.

Susceptibility: Is the agent susceptible to reinfection of the same person? Allowing for this increases morbidity but usually mortality wanes in subsequent infections.

Taking on the role of Dr. Madness, generate your superweapon and describe the weapon using the above mentioned criteria. Remember, the focus in on creating something that becomes difficult to identify, monitor, or treat with prophylaxis. You will write out the proposal as Dr. Madness submitting this to his lead researcher to develop. This proposal should be approximately 6â8 pages in length, but some submissions may be longer.

Submit your Bioweapons and Epidemiology Part One proposal in the assignment area.

Please be sure to review the Bioweapons and Epidemiology Part One Scoring Guide for information on how this assignment is graded.

Project Requirements

To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you are expected to meet the following requirements.

Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.

APA formatting: Resources and citations should be formatted according to current APA style and formatting.

Resources: Include all literature cited in the project.

Length of paper: 6â8 typed, single-spaced pages, not including cover page and resource list.

Font and font size: Arial, 10 point.

INDH1006 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Environmental Health, Health Equity, World Health Organization

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