314151 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Mitral Valve, Interventricular Septum, Breathing

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rubyduck59

24 May 2018

School

Curtin University

Department

Rehabilitation Therapies

Course

314151

Professor

Carly Brade

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Lecture 5 – 5/4/16

Function of the cardiorespiratory system:

- Acquisition – respiratory system including pulmonary ventilation, lungs, alveoli & gas diffusion.

- Circulation – cardiovascular system (heart, arteries, venous system)

- Transport – Blood including plasma, haemoglobin, platelets & leukocytes.

The role of the circulatory system is to transport and distribute key nutrients to tissues and remove any by-

products. Systemic circulation transports blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues.

Pulmonary circulation pumps blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

A. Pulmonary artery – deoxygenated blood to the lungs

B. Pulmonary semilunar valve

C. Left atrium

D. Mitral valve

E. Aortic valve

F. Chorde tendone

G. Pupillary muscles

H. Left ventricle

I. Interventricular septum

J. Myocardium

K. Apex of the heart

L. Tricuspord valve

M. Right Atrium

N. Aorta – distributes blood to tissues

Cardiac Muscle – striated, binucleated. Sarcomeres of the heart are

joined end to end by intercalated discs made of Desmosomes (that

mechanically hold the cells together) and Gap Junctions (which, permit action potentials to propagate from

cell to cell).

Cardiac Cycle – all mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat.

Systole – Contraction phase – chambers eject blood, high pressure; ventricle twists, shortens and thickens.

Diastole – Relaxation phase – chambers fill with blood,

twice as long as systole. Ventricle untwists & lengthens.

Electrical activity of the heart:

Sinoatrial node – determines rhythm

Atrioventricular node – Delays impulse by ensuring

complete atrial systole prior to ventricular systole.

Regulation of heart rate:

- SA node

o Impulse generated and travels across

the atria to the AV node then to the

ventricles.

- Autonomic Nervous System

o Sympathetic and parasympathetic

branches

- Hormones

o “ypatheti opoets irease HR y release of ateholaie’s: adrealie ad

noradrenaline.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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- P wave -

Impulse arising from the SA node results in

depolarization and contraction of the atria (right

atrium contracts slightly before the left). Atrial systole

is a result.

- QRS complex –

Due to ventricular polarization, marks the beginning of

ventricular systole. Masks the underlying atrial

repolarization signal,

- T wave –

Ventricular repolarization. Ventricular systole defined

as the interval between the QRS complex and the end

of the T wave. This marks the end of ventricular systole

electrically.

Systemic circulation

Oxygenated blood is carried away from the heart to body

tissues. The pressure and velocity of blood decreases as

total cross sectional area increases.

Blood tissue anatomy:

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Document Summary

Acquisition respiratory system including pulmonary ventilation, lungs, alveoli & gas diffusion. Circulation cardiovascular system (heart, arteries, venous system) Transport blood including plasma, haemoglobin, platelets & leukocytes. The role of the circulatory system is to transport and distribute key nutrients to tissues and remove any by- products. Systemic circulation transports blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body tissues. Pulmonary circulation pumps blood from the right ventricle to the lungs: pulmonary artery deoxygenated blood to the lungs, pulmonary semilunar valve, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, chorde tendone, pupillary muscles, myocardium, right atrium. Sarcomeres of the heart are joined end to end by intercalated discs made of desmosomes (that mechanically hold the cells together) and gap junctions (which, permit action potentials to propagate from cell to cell). Cardiac cycle all mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat. Systole contraction phase chambers eject blood, high pressure; ventricle twists, shortens and thickens.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of bloodflow?

a. heart --> atery --> arteriole --> capillary -->vein --> venule --> heart

b. heart --> vein --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> artery --> heart

c. heart --> artery --> arteriole --> capillary -->venule --> vein --> heart

d. heart --> artery --> venule --> capillary -->arteriole --> vein --> heart

e. heart--> artery --> capillary --> arteriole -->venule --> vein --> heart

2. What are the functions of the elastic fibers that are foundin the walls of ateries? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. they allow the artery to stretch and then recoil back to itsoriginal shape as blood is forcegully pumped from the heart intothe arteries

b. they allow arteries to lengthen as the volume of blood in thearteries increase

c. they help maintain a steady blood pressure during thedifferent phases of heart contraction

d. they smooth out the walls of the arteries to preventturbulent blood flow

3. Which of the following are functions of the lymphatic system?(there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. help fight infections and cancer

b. allows excess interstitial fluid (fluid found between thecells in your tissues) to get dumped back into your blood

c. brings large molecules from fat digestion into thebloodstream so that they can be processed and stored

d. all of the above are functions of the lymphatic system

4. Which of the following blood vessels bring newly oxygenatedblood from the blood vessels in the lungs back to the heart so thatthe heart can pump it to the rest of the body?

Select one:

a. aorta

b. inferior vena cava

c. pulmonary vein

d. pulmonary artery

5. Which of the following mechanisms help blood fight gravity sothat, for instance, it can return from blood vessels in your feetback into your heart? (there may be more than one answer)

Select one or more:

a. breathing allows the pressure in your chest to decrease andallow blood to flow up towards your heart

b. as you walk, the skeletal muscles in your legs contract andsqueeze the veins; since veins have valves, blood flows up anddoesn't backflow back down

c. the force of blood flowing out of the heart and into thearteries pushes all of the blood along, causing blood to return tothe heart

d. precapillary sphincters open to allow blood to flow backtowards the heart

6. The tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves prevent backflow ofblood from the atria into the ventricles.

Select one:

True

False

7. The following sequence represents the correct order of bloodflow through the heart:

inferior and superior vena cava --> right atrium --> rightventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs --> pulmonaryvein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta

Select one:

True

False

8. Capillaries are as wide as one red blood cell.

Select one:

True

False

9. The purpose of the coronary arteries is to bring oxygenatedblood to the walls of the heart so that the muscles in the heartwalls can contract.

Select one:

True

False

10. Vasodilation refers to the narrowing of blood vessels.

Select one:

True

False

ultramarinealligator67

True of False: Freshwater environments have a higher concentration of oxygen than saltwater environments.

QUESTION 2 If the difference in partial pressure of gas on either side of the barrier to diffusion is 0, which of these events will occur?

The area for gas exchange will increase to accommodate this similarity.

The constant for diffusion will decrease.

The rate of diffusion will be 0.

The distance thickness of the barrier to diffusion will also be 0.

QUESTION 3 On the x-axis of the oxygenâhemoglobin equilibrium curve is the partial pressure of oxygen in tissues. Which type of blood is most likely to be represented by the right-hand side of the axis? (Hint: the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve is figure 45.14 in your book on pg 913)

blood found in the left ventricle

blood found in the right atrium

blood found in the superior vena cava

blood found in the inferior vena cava

QUESTION 4 Which of these is an example of pulmonary circulation?

Blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Blood is pumped from the aorta to the cardiac vein.

Blood is pumped from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium.

QUESTION 5 O2 will diffuse from blood to tissue faster in response to which of the following conditions?

an increase in the PO2 of the tissue

a decrease in the PO2 of the tissue

an increase in the thickness of the capillary wall

a decrease in the surface area of the capillary

QUESTION 6 Which of the following promotes oxygen release from hemoglobin?

a decrease in temperature

a decrease in carbon dioxide levels

a decrease in pH

a decrease in carbonic anhydrase

QUESTION 7 How does the medulla oblongata sense the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A. Carbonic anhydrase produced by cells performing cellular respiration is exported and travels though the blood, and binds to a receptor on the medullary respiratory center, which causes a signal amplification resulting in a change in gene expression which results in the production of proteins that will cause the diaphragm to contract

B. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which increases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

C. CO2 produced by cells performing cellular respiration reacts with blood plasma for form an acid, which decreases the pH of the blood, which causes the medullary respiratory center to contract the diaphragm

D. A and B

E. A and C

QUESTION 8 Which of the following parts of the lung are considered "dead space"? A. The alveoli B. The trachea C. The bronchi D. B and C E. All of the above

QUESTION 9 Which of the following blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

arteries

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

QUESTION 10 How does the interstitial fluid return to the bloodstream?

A. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the osmotic pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the blood pressure driving fluid out of the blood

B. Interstitial fluid flows into the capillary where the blood pressure driving fluid into the bloodstream is greater than the osmotic pressure driving fluid out of the blood

C. Interstitial fluid leaves the tissue via lymphatic ducts and travels through the lymphatic system, which returns the fluid to the veins. D. A and C

E. B and C

QUESTION 11 True or False: When an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) shows a flat line (aka asystole), medical personnel will restart the heart using a defibrillator.

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314151 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Mitral Valve, Interventricular Septum, Breathing

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