1001NSC Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Carbonic Anhydrase, Trachea, Gas Exchange

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20 Jun 2018

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The Respiratory System

Consists of: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tree, alveoli,

pleurae (casing of each lung)

Lungs:

Right side: 3 lobes

Left side: 2 lobes

Entry and exit points of blood vessels are situated in hilus of each lung

Pleural membranes and Plural Cavity

Visceral Pleura covers the lungs

Parietal Pleura lines the ribcage and covers the upper surface of diaphragm

Pleural cavity is the potential space between the ribs and lungs

Respiratory Regions

Conducting Region (the bronchial region)

Comprises: nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi,

secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Lining of conducting region:

Blood vessels warm the air entering the lungs

Mucus (secreted by goblet cells): traps dust, microbes and foreign particles, moistens the

air (stops respiratory system from drying out)

Cilia: columnar cells in 300 cilia/cell, 14 cycles, proper mucus, sweep in one direction

propelling mucus and debris. Lots of cilia activity results in respiratory infections and

pneumonia

Cartilage: hyaline cartilage within alls of trachea and bronchi prevents collapse of the air

passages

Smooth muscle: increasing amounts until complete player present in bronchioles. Allows

regulation of airﬂow by bronchioconstriction/ bronchiodilation

Pharynx:

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharnx

Uvula: prevents food from going up into the back of nose

Epiglottis: prevents food from entering trachea and lungs

Respiratory region:

Site of gas exchange between atmosphere and body

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli)

Alveoli (site of gas exchange)

Respiratory membrane:

Composed of

Type I alveolar cell (alveolar epithelial cell)

Blood capillary endothelial cell (wall of capillary)

Small amounts of collagen

Breathing:

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

Under voluntary and involuntary control

Occurs in response to pressure changes

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Document Summary

Consists of: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchial tree, alveoli, pleurae (casing of each lung) Entry and exit points of blood vessels are situated in hilus of each lung. Parietal pleura lines the ribcage and covers the upper surface of diaphragm. Pleural cavity is the potential space between the ribs and lungs. Comprises: nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary and tertiary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles. Blood vessels warm the air entering the lungs. Mucus (secreted by goblet cells): traps dust, microbes and foreign particles, moistens the air (stops respiratory system from drying out) Cilia: columnar cells in 300 cilia/cell, 14 cycles, proper mucus, sweep in one direction propelling mucus and debris. Lots of cilia activity results in respiratory infections and pneumonia. Cartilage: hyaline cartilage within alls of trachea and bronchi prevents collapse of the air passages. Smooth muscle: increasing amounts until complete player present in bronchioles.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following are considered blood vessels within the cardiovascular system? (Select all that apply.)

Veins

Arteries \

Epithelial tissue

Capillaries

Epidermis

2. The middle muscle layer found in the walls of the heart is the __________.

Myocardium

Epicardium

Endocardium

Aorta

3. Blood is transported throughout the body via ___________.

Veins
Arteries

Capillaries

All of the above

4. The right atrium receives blood from all parts of the body except the ______________.

Abdominal cavity

Lungs

Dorsal cavity

Cranium

5. Blood carries which of the following?

Oxygen and cellular waste

Oxygen, nutrients, hormones, enzymes, and cellular waste

Nutrients, hormones, enzymes

Oxygen, nutrients, enzymes

6. Vocal chords are found in the ____________.

Bronchus

Trachea

Larynx and Pharynx

Nasal cavity

7. The trachea is mostly lined by ________________.

Alveoli

Ciliated

mucous membrane

Lung capillaries
Vocal chords

8. Excess CO2 from the body is __________________.

Stored in the pancreas

Digested by cells

Excreted by the respiration process

Used to make ATP

9. CO2 from the body is released into the lungs via _________________.

Ciliated mucous membrane

Alveolar air

Nasal cavity

Bronchial tree

10. The principal function(s) of gas exchange is ____________________.

To supply cells with oxygen

To remove CO2 from the body

Both A and B

Neither of the above

One of the most common chronic conditions affecting the respiratory system is asthma. Asthma is a condition characterized by inflammation of the airways. When an asthma attack is triggered, the airways become even more inflamed and can restrict breathing. Common symptoms during an asthma attacks include coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest and shortness of breath. Severe asthma attacks can be fatal. People with a family history of asthma are more likely to have the condition. While there is no cure for asthma, proper medical care and a management plan can help to maintain quality of life for people living with asthma. There are different types of asthma, each with their own triggers and management plans. Type Description Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB), or Exercise-induced Asthma (EIA) Some people only experience asthma symptoms during exercise. Exercise-induced asthma causes the narrowing of airways during exercise, which restricts the flow of air to and from the lungs. Cold, dry air tends to exacerbate symptoms, while warm, humid air may reduce symptoms. People with exercise-induced asthma should work with their doctor to create a management plan that still allows them to exercise while keeping their symptoms under control. Allergic Asthma Allergic asthma is the most common form of asthma. It is triggered by inhaling allergen particulates, such as dust mites, pollen, pet dander, or mold. The bodyâs reaction to the allergens causes inflammation that results in coughing, wheezing, and other symptoms of asthma. Occupational Asthma Occupational asthma is caused by the frequent inhalation (breathing) of gases, fumes, dust, or other harmful substances in the workplace. Employees working in the chemical or petroleum industries are frequently exposed to chemicals such as Sulphur dioxide or hydrochloric acid, and may develop occupational asthma after prolonged exposure. Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is usually developed before age 5. It is a condition that affects millions of children. It is vital that childhood asthma is properly controlled to prevent damage to the developing lungs Risk factors: â¢ Allergies â¢ Family history â¢ Frequent respiratory infections â¢ Low birth-weight â¢ Second-hand smoke â¢ Residing in a low-income, urban environment

Asthma symptoms that are triggered by exposure to pollen, pet dander, mold, or dust mites is indicative of which of the following types of asthma:

Occupational asthma

Childhood asthma

Allergic asthma

Exercise-induced asthma

aquamarinecaribou889

The epiglottis acts as a

voice box.

filter for microorganisms and debris.

cover over the larynx.

producer of mucus.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 1)

Collectively, the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx make up the

nasopharynx.

oropharynx.

laryngopharynx.

upper respiratory system.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 1)

The cilia present on cells of the lower respiratory system function by:

trapping microorganisms and foreign debris.

propelling microorganisms and particles out.

preventing colonization by potential pathogens.

all of the above.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 2)

The most common causative agent of a swollen and painful oropharynx is

Streptococcus pyogenes.

Arcanobacterium haemolyticum.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Rhinovirus.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 3)

Infections associated with cystic fibrosis are due to inflammation of the:

bronchi.

bronchioles.

lungs.

alveoli.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 3)

A physician sends a nasal washing for viral culture. This specimen is

unacceptable because it is contaminated with upper respiratory flora.

acceptable as long as it contains epithelial cells.

unacceptable if it is for the detection of influenza or respiratory syncytial viruses.

acceptable if it has a thick consistency and is yellow or green in color.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 4)

A patient is unable to produce adequate sputum for routine, acid-fast, and fungal cultures. The physician may attempt to obtain a/an

induced sputum.

transtracheal aspirate.

bronchoalveolar lavage.

pleural fluid.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 4)

9. Two throat swabs are received from a 6-year-old female with orders for a rapid screen for group A Streptococcus. One swab is tested using the group A Streptococcus rapid screen, and it is negative. The second swab is used to inoculate

a. sheep blood agar.

b. chocolate agar.

c. no culture is necessary.

d. a and b.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 6)

Which of the following disease states requires the addition of selective and/or differential medium to ensure recovery of potential pathogens from the respiratory system?

Pertussis

Cystic fibrosis

Laryngitis

a and b

all of the above

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 6)

11. A throat culture provides the following results:

Moderate growth of alpha-hemolytic, catalase-negative, optochin-susceptible, gram-positive diplococci

Heavy growth of alpha-hemolytic, catalase-negative, optochin-resistant, gram-positive cocci

Heavy growth of gamma-hemolytic, oxidase-positive, glucose- and maltoseÂ-positive, gramÂ diplococci

You would report

moderate growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

heavy growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

heavy growth of Neisseria meningitidis and heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

heavy growth of normal upper respiratory flora.

ANSWER:

(Level 3, Objective 7)

Yeast colonies in a sputum culture are considered significant when they

are present.

comprise 25% of the organisms present.

comprise 50% of the organisms present.

comprise 75% of the organisms present.

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 7)

13. An 8-year-old male presents with a red and sore throat. The rapid group A Streptococcus screen is negative, and a sheep blood agar is inoculated. At 24 hours, there are no beta-hemolytic colonies present and moderate growth of normal upper respiratory flora. At 48 hours, the same culture results are present. Which of the following statements does not explain these results?

a. His sore throat is due to Haemophilus influenzae, and it will not grow on blood agar.

b. The culture was taken very early in the infection.

c. The patient received treatment prior to specimen collection.

d. The causative agent is not bacterial.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 8)

17. A quantitative bronchial alveolar lavage culture requires:

1. sheep blood agar.

2. chocolate agar.

3. 0.01 mL pipette.

4. 0.001 mL pipette.

a. 1 and 3

b. 1, 3, and 4

c. 2, 3, and 4

d. 2 and 4

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 9)

18. A bronchial washing is plated to a BCYE. This agar should be examined under a laminar flow hood due to the potential for recovery of Legionella pneumophila and

a. Bordetella pertussis.

Francisella tularensis.

mould.

Pneumocystis jiroveci.

ANSWER:

(Level 2, Objective 9)

20. A physician submits a sputum with a culture request for Legionella. Select the growth medium that should be used to cultivate this organism.

a. 7H10

b. TCBS

c. BCSA

d. BCYE

ANSWER:

(Level 1, Objective 6)

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1001NSC Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Carbonic Anhydrase, Trachea, Gas Exchange

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