DEV2011 Lecture Notes - Lecture 9: Paracrine Signalling, Cell Signaling, Transforming Growth Factor Beta
25 May 2018
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Lecture 9 – Cell-Cell Communication in Development
Signaling
• Signalling core: complexity of networks
• Drives development to form different structures
• Defects in signalling pathways
• Cell communication essential for tissue and organ development
• Different cell types can respond differently to the same signal
• During development – cells adopt different fates depending on position in
morphogen gradient
• Paracrine signalling is important in development
o 4 major families: FGFs, Hedgehogs, Wnts, TGF-beta
Types of Cell Signalling
1. Contact dependent
2. Paracrine
3. Synaptic
4. Endocrine
General Principles:
• Cell signalling: Signalling molecule
binding, receptor activation, activation of
intracellular signalling proteins, activation
of effector proteins
• Communication between cells is mediated
by extracellular signalling molecules
o Long and short distance signalling
o Most cells both emit and receive signals
• Cell communication involves more than just one transmission of chemical
signals
• Signalling molecules: proteins, aminio acids,
nucleotides, steroids
• Reception of signals requires receptor
proteins at cell surface (or intracellularly)
which bind the signal molecules
• Binding activates reporters → activates one or
more intracellular signalling pathways
o Process signal inside receiving cell
o Distribute signal to intracellular
targets
• Targets are effector proteins – implement
change of cell behaviour
• Effectors can be
o Gene regulatory proteins
o Ion channels
o Components of metabolic pathway
o Parts of cytoskeleton
• Mechanisms required
o To control which signals are emitted and when
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