LQB281 Lecture Notes - Warburg Effect, Dysplasia, Congenital Disorder

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20 Jan 2017
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When apoptosis and adaptation fail. Define dysplasia, neoplasia, tumour and malignancy in the context of neoplasia. Understand the risk factors for the development of mutation. Understand the 8 molecular alterations that occur in a malignancy. Know the differences between benign and malignant tumours. Stroma: connective tissue of tumour. Formation of an abnormal growth in tissue. Germ cells: transmitted to progeny. Molecular basis of cancer: self- sufficiency in growth signals, proliferation without external stimuli, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals. Essential alterations for malignant transformation. Mutations: every time it divides, it passes onto the daughter cells. Grows into a genetically unstable cell. Movement is a malignant tumour. All cells have the same mutation. Well differentiated or undifferentiated (anaplastic) Pleomorphic cells lack uniformity. Increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. Fast growing area of necrosis, may mitotic cells. Difference between benign and malignant tumours: Cytoplasmic ratio may be close to normal. Slow growing few mitotic figures. Cancer cells moving to another site.

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