CSB520 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Thoracic Wall, Atelectasis, Elastic Fiber
Week 7 Lecture - Respiratory Pathology
Friday, 22 April 2016 12:09 PM
Revision:Revision:
•Apply what you have learnt from general pathology
○Cell adaptation, dysplasia, neoplasia
○Acute inflammation & repair
○Chronic inflammation & repair
○Immune disease
○Infections
○Haemodynamics
Anatomy ReviewAnatomy Review
•Conductive region:
○Oral/nasal cavities
•Filters out particles & microbes
○Pharynx
○Larynx
○Trachea
○Bronchi
○Bronchioles
○Terminal bronchioles
•Respiratory region (very delicate region - hopefully by the time the air reaches
this part, it's warm, humidified and rid of particles:
○Respiratory bronchioles
○Alveolar ducts
○Alveolar sacs
○Alveoli
HistologyHistology
•Cartilage:
○C-shaped rings
○Complete rings in bronchi
○Patchy in small bronchi
•Smooth muscle:
○Links cartilage within trachea
○Criss-crossing spiral bundles within wall of bronchi & bronchioles
○(SNS dilates airways; PNS constricts airways)
•Epithelium:
○Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
•Produces mucous
•Cilia constantly pushes it out to the oral cavity
•So we can either spit it out or swallow microbes
•Terminal: simple columnar ciliated
•Respiratory: simple cuboidal ciliated
•Alveoli: simple squamous
•Interstitial tissue:
○Tissue in walls
○Very thin
○Some diseases are associated with the expansion of this
CiliaCilia
•Affected by:
○Temperature
•Runny nose in cold weather
○Infection
•Damages cilia
○Smoking
•Damages cilia
•Sweeping-like actions of cilia involves
○Microtubules
•Structure
○Dynein
•Motor protein
○ATP
•Fuel
CellsCells
•Respiratory membrane:
○Type I - pneumocyte
○Basement membrane
○Endothelial cell
•Type II pneumocytes
○Produces surfactant
○Necessary to prevent collapse of alveoli
•Macrophage
○Phagocytoses particulate material (e.g. dust, bacteria)
•In case any particulates/microbes get through defences of
conductive pathway
○Keeps alveoli sterile
PhysiologyPhysiology
•Lungs help in short termshort term control of arterial carbon dioxide levels
○And hence, acid levels
•Kidneys help in long termlong term control - excretes excess bicarbonate & acid
•Chronic bronchitis & emphysema lead to a respiratory acidosis
Document Summary
Revision: apply what you have learnt from general pathology. Oral/nasal cavities: filters out particles & microbes. Terminal bronchioles: respiratory region (very delicate region - hopefully by the time the air reaches this part, it"s warm, humidified and rid of particles: Patchy in small bronchi: smooth muscle: Criss-crossing spiral bundles within wall of bronchi & bronchioles. (sns dilates airways; pns constricts airways: epithelium: Some diseases are associated with the expansion of this. Temperature: runny nose in cold weather. Smoking: damages cilia, sweeping-like actions of cilia involves. Necessary to prevent collapse of alveoli: macrophage. In case any particulates/microbes get through defences of conductive pathway. Lungs help in short term short term control of arterial carbon dioxide levels. And hence, acid levels: kidneys help in long term, chronic bronchitis & emphysema lead to a respiratory acidosis long term control - excretes excess bicarbonate & acid. If co2 levels rise, then ph level drops: hyperventilation leads to a respiratory alkalosis.
