BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chromatin, Chloroplast, Ernst Haeckel

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rubysalmon926

28 May 2018

School

UNSW, UNSW Sydney

Department

Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences

Course

BABS1201

Professor

All

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Cells - the building blocks of life

• Life - a complex network of chemical exchange

Fundamental characteristics of life

• Reproduction

• Growth and development

• Metabolise (use energy)

• Respond to environmental changes (stimuli)

• Contains the chemicals of life

• Contains cells

1. Reproduction

• Produce offspring that are similar to parents

• Sexual reproduction

o Two cells from different individuals unite to form the first cell of a new organism

o Animals -> meiosis and mitosis

• Asexual reproduction

o Bacteria -> binary fission

2. Growth and development

Development - change in form during an organism's lifetime

Growth - increase in size during an organism's lifetime

3. Metabolise (to produce energy)

Metabolise - the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life

Metabolic processes allow organisms to:

• Grow and reproduce

• Maintain their structures

• Response to their environments

Categories of metabolism

Catabolism - breaks down organic matter into smaller molecules. Captures energy

Anabolism - uses energy to construct components of cells

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Autotrophs

• Produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy

from light

o Able to produce their own energy (photosynthesis)

Heterotrophs

• Obtains energy from consuming other organisms (food)

• Requires organic substrates to get its chemical energy for growth and development

Responds to stimuli

• Responds to environmental changes

Chemicals of life

Carbohydrates

• Or saccharides are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules

• Simple organic compounds

• Composed of monosaccharides - binds to form polysaccharides or oligosaccharides

Storage/transport of energy and structural components

Proteins

• Composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

• Formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with

the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water

Amino acids

• Has the same fundamental structure

• Central carbon atom, bonded to

o An amino group (NH2)

o A carboxyl group (COOH)

o A hydrogen atom

o R group side-chain specific

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• Differences in amino acids are due to the presence of a side chain attached to the

central carbon atom (R group)

• Only 20 essential amino acids

Fats and Lipids

• Any fat-soluble (lipophilic) molecules

o Fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K),

monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids

• Energy storage

• Structure components of cell membrane

Nucleic acids

• Nucleic acids are polymers formed from linking various nucleotides

• Used in the storage and transfer of genetic information

E.g.

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - four bases in double helix

• RNA (ribonucleic acid) - four bases in single strand

DNA nucleotides

o Purines

▪ Adenine

▪ Guanine

o Pyrimidines

▪ Cytosine

▪ Thymine

Nucleotides

• Three components

o A pentose sugar

o A phosphate group

o A nitrogenous base

Cells

• Living things are composed of organisational units called cells

• Unicellular - refers to organisms that are composed of one cell

• Multicellular - organisms that are composed of many cells

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Document Summary

Life - a complex network of chemical exchange. Fundamental characteristics of life: reproduction, growth and development, metabolise (use energy, respond to environmental changes (stimuli, contains the chemicals of life, contains cells, reproduction, produce offspring that are similar to parents. Sexual reproduction: two cells from different individuals unite to form the first cell of a new organism, animals -> meiosis and mitosis, asexual reproduction, bacteria -> binary fission, growth and development. Development - change in form during an organism"s lifetime. Growth - increase in size during an organism"s lifetime: metabolise (to produce energy) Metabolise - the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to maintain life. Metabolic processes allow organisms to: grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, response to their environments. Catabolism - breaks down organic matter into smaller molecules. Anabolism - uses energy to construct components of cells. Autotrophs: produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light, able to produce their own energy (photosynthesis)

Related Questions

Microbiology Unit 2 Applied and Environmental Assignment Part 1: Identify Nutritional requirements from Chapter 6&14 (and review from chapters 1 & 2) 1. Determine which of the 4 macromolecules require the following elements: a. Carbon: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ b. Nitrogen: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ c. Sulfur: carbohydrates___ lipids___ proteins___ nucleic acids___ 2. The essential elements mentioned above are cycled through cells and the earth in biogeochemical cycles (the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.)Select the correct answer or fill in the blanks to summarize these cycles: a. Carbon dioxide is taken in from the atmosphere by [autotrophs/heterotrophs] and converted to glucose through carbon ________________. When heterotrophs eat autotrophs they use catabolism to break down glucose to make ATP and waste carbon is released as ___________. b. There is plenty of nitrogen available in the atmosphere but it is not accessible to organisms because it is in the form of Nitrogen gas (N2). N2 is fixed by [bacteria/plants/animals] and converted to ammonia (NH3.) NH3 can be used by [bacteria/plants/animals] to build their cells. Next, by consuming food with amino acids,[bacteria/plants/animals] can get access to nitrogen for their own cellular needs. c. There is also a good quantity of sulfur in dirt, rocks, and the atmosphere. Sulfur cycles between H2S => S0 => SO4 => SH groups in Proteins => back to H2S.Using _________________ respiration, anoxygenic photosynthesis, and chemolithoautotrophy [bacteria/plants/animals]convert H2S and S0 to SO4 which is taken in by [bacteria/plants/animals] and used to build their cells. When [bacteria/plants/animals]eat plants they take in essential amino acids containing sulfur and recycle these to make their proteins. d. _________________ break down waste and dead organisms and recycle nutrients back into the cycles. *The C and N are summarized here: https://youtu.be/2D7hZpIYlCA and https://youtu.be/leHy-Y_8nRs 3. Match the main metabolic classifications to the description: Classifications: photoautotroph/ photoheterotroph/ chemoautotroph/ chemoheterotroph o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from sunlight o A microbe that makes its own food by taking carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere and its energy from reduced inorganic chemicals o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon and energy o A microbe that eats other organisms to get organic carbon but gets energy from sunlight 4. Identify the phases of the bacterial growth curve and define what occurs in each phase Phase A = ______________ Definition: Phase B = ______________ Definition: Phase C = ______________ Definition: Phase D = ______________ Definition: Part 2: Unique ecosystems containing microbes 5. Watch the video that shows hydrothermal vents: https://youtu.be/RO3nO98gH_M a. Describe bacteria that live at the vents using terms from the unit 2 reading guide: ________________________________________________________________________ b. Write a 2-3 sentence reflection about hydrothermal vents and the contribution of microbes to this ecosystem: 6. Apply what you have learned to the TED-Ed video about Biofilms: https://youtu.be/pHLP5CZMnL4 a. Give the terms for cell structures mentioned in the video that we learned in Chapter 4 and 7: i. âsticky appendagesâ thatallows bacteria to attach and begin the biofilm: _______________ ii. Extracellular matrix/gooey matrix that holds cells together: ____________________________ iii. Exchange genetic information while packed together: ____________________________ iv. Communicate with each other by _________________________________________ sensing. v. Produce chemical to kill microbial competitors: ____________________________ factor.

BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Chromatin, Chloroplast, Ernst Haeckel

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