BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Olive Oil, Beta Sheet, Glycolipid

36 views11 pages

rubysalmon926

28 May 2018

School

UNSW, UNSW Sydney

Department

Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences

Course

BABS1201

Professor

All

For unlimited access to Class Notes, a Class+ subscription is required.

Macromolecules

99% of all living matter is made up of: H C O N (P S)

Inorganic molecules (H2O)

• Elements of life in the same ratio

Macromolecule:

A large molecule formed by joining smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.

Four main classes

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

•

Macromolecules

• Chain-like molecules called polymers

• Polymers: consist of many similar or identical subunits joined by covalent bonds (i.e.

monomers)

Synthesis and Breakdown of polymers

• Synthesis: a water molecule is lost in "dehydration" to form a new covalent bond

• Hydrolysis: breaking down of a polymer, where a water molecule is added to break a

covalent bond

Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides (monomer unit)

o E.g. glucose. CnH2nOn

o Their carbon skeleton ranges from three to seven carbon atoms

o Often drawn with linear carbon skeletons - in water, all monosaccharides with C>3

bend around to form ring structures

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 11 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

• Glucose - major nutrient, central to cellular metabolism.

▪ Broken down for energy in cellular respiration

▪ Used to build many other organic molecules, including amino acids and fatty

acids

• Glyceraldehyde

▪ Energy-storing molecule produced by photosynthesis

▪ Two of these from glucose

• Galactose - Combines with glucose to form lactose

• Fructose - Used to make sucrose

• Ribose - RNA and ATP

▪ A modified form is used in building DNA

• Disaccharides - two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond

o E.g. Maltose

• Polysaccharides e.g. starch

Storage Polysacchrides

• Starch : stored by plants

o Amylose and amylopectin

o Stored energy can be accessed via hydrolysis

• Glycogen: stored by animals in liver and muscle cells.

o Hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose when the demand for energy increases

(cannot sustain an animal for long periods of time

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 11 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Structural polysaccharides

• Cellulose

o major component of plant cell walls - used as fibre for humans (we do not have the

enzyme to break down the cellulose)

• Chitin (polymer of glucose with N group)

o Found in the exoskeletons of arthropods (insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc)

• Amylose < amylopectin < glycogen (least to most branching)

• All polymer of glucose

• Difference: the number of side chains / branching present

Plant cells

• Chloroplast

• Starch

• Mitochondria

• Glycogen granules (lots of branching)

•

[Carbohydrates - chocolate (sugar, glucose syrup), Jelly (sugar)]

Lipids

• Hydrophobic (non-polar); mix poorly with water

• Have various forms and functions:

o Energy storage and transport - fats (triclyglycerols or TAGs)

o Structure - phospholipids (cell membranes), sterols

o Chemical messengers - steroids (cholesterol), glycolipids (carbohydrate portions)

o Photoreceptors - carotenoids (makes plants yellow - Vitamin A) photoreceptor -

vitamin A receives red light

▪ Protein that receives light

o Coverings - waxes

How to Make a Fat:

• Three fatty acid molecules to one glycerol

• Dehydration reaction to form an ester bond

• Forms a fat called a triacylglycerol (TAG) or triglyceride

find more resources at oneclass.com

Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 11 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

99% of all living matter is made up of: h c o n (p s) Inorganic molecules (h2o: elements of life in the same ratio. A large molecule formed by joining smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Macromolecules: chain-like molecules called polymers, polymers: consist of many similar or identical subunits joined by covalent bonds (i. e. monomers) Synthesis: a water molecule is lost in dehydration to form a new covalent bond: hydrolysis: breaking down of a polymer, where a water molecule is added to break a covalent bond. Starch: chloroplast, mitochondria, glycogen granules (lots of branching) [carbohydrates - chocolate (sugar, glucose syrup), jelly (sugar)] How to make a fat: three fatty acid molecules to one glycerol, dehydration reaction to form an ester bond. Forms a fat called a triacylglycerol (tag) or triglyceride: three fatty acids to glycerol (tricyglycerol) Similar structure of tag phosphate and choline replaces the third fatty acid.

Related Questions

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

Flag this Question

Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

Flag this Question

Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

Flag this Question

Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

Flag this Question

Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

Flag this Question

Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

Flag this Question

Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

Flag this Question

Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

Flag this Question

Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

Flag this Question

Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

Flag this Question

Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

Flag this Question

Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

Flag this Question

Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

Flag this Question

Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

Flag this Question

Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

Flag this Question

Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

Flag this Question

Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

Flag this Question

Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

Flag this Question

Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

Flag this Question

Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

Flag this Question

Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

sangriarat617

The synthesis of polymers involves the _____________ of water,while the digestion of polymers involves the ______________ ofwater.
1- addition, addition
2- removal, removal
3- addition, removal
4- removal, addition

All biological macromolecules are based on

carbon atoms because carbon readily shares four electron pairs withother carbon atoms, and thus form large, complex structures.
carbon atoms because C-H bonds are nonpolar.
oxygen atoms because oxygen has a strong attraction forelectrons.
oxygen atoms because the O-H bond is polar and thus allows forhydrogen bonds to form that allow the formation of largeconglomerates.

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be themolecular formula for a disaccharide linking two glucose moleculesvia dehydration synthesis?

C2H4O2
C6H12O6
C12H24O12
C12H22O11

Sucrose, the sugar in table sugar, is composed of one glucosemolecule joined to a fructose molecule. How is sucroseclassified?

as a monosaccharide
as a polysaccharide
as a hexose
as a disaccharide

From the fact that (i) high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastessweeter than regular table sugar and that (ii) human taste buds aremore sensitive for fructose than glucose, one can concludethat

HFCS contains fructose, but table sugar does not.
glucose and fructose must both be monosaccharides.
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that intable sugar.
the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be 55%.
fructose stimulates the production of hormones that controlappetite and the blood sugar level.

I would expect plant cell walls to consist of a polysaccharide thatis

easy to break down by animals, but hard to break down by mostmicrobes.
easy to break down by most microbes, but hard to break down by mostanimals.
easy to break down by animals and most microbes.
hard to break down by animals and most microbes.

Nutritionists came up with the term âglycemic loadâ to describe thehealth effect of carbohydrates because

glycemic index was too difficult to understand.
glycemic index does not offer any useful information about howquickly a carbohydrate can be broken down into sugars.
the amount of a food consumed is as important as how quickly it canbe broken down into sugars.
only the amount of food consumed matters, but not how quickly acarbohydrate can be broken down into sugars.

Why does it make sense that cell division is stimulated by thepresence of sugar in the blood?

It is the body's goal to get the sugar out of the blood stream, andtwo cells can take up and remove more sugar from the blood streamthan one cell.
Two cells require more energy (that can be supplied by sugar as anenergy source) than one, and it is therefore advantageous for anorganism to regulate cell division to be slow in the absence of anenergy source and stimulated in the presence of an energy source.

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

bluebeaver798

BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Olive Oil, Beta Sheet, Glycolipid

Document Summary

Get access

Related Documents

BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Glycosidic Bond, Covalent Bond, Macromolecule

BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Choline, Plant Cell, Ribulose

BABS1201 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Covalent Bond, Macromolecule, Monomer

Related Questions