BIOM1060 Lecture Notes - Lecture 21: Pulmonary Valve, Baroreflex, Echocardiography

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23 Jun 2018
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BIOM1060 27/03/18
CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY (Part 1)
Cardiovascular disease
- One of largest causes of death/mortality in Australia
- Largest single % of all health expenditure
Circuitry of cardiovascular system
- Fixed system (no reservoir of extra blood)
Blood pressure
- Ohm’s law: pressure = flow x resistance
oPressure (mmHg): continuous physical force exerted on/against object by
something in contact with it
oFlow (mL/min): movement of fluid
oResistance (mmHg/L/min): force acting opposite to motion of fluid
- Flow in tissues important (only satisfactory if pressure within physiological limits)
- Systolic: highest pressure at peak of ventricular contraction
- Diastolic pressure: highest pressure at peak of ventricular relaxation
- Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
- Dicrotic notch: slight change in BP after left ventricle finishes contraction, as aortic valve
closes to stop blood backflow
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BIOM1060 27/03/18
Mean arterial pressure
- Concept to calculate overall blood flow
MAP = diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure  3)
MAP = diastolic pressure + (systolic - diastolic pressure)
MAP = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
Stroke volume
- Volume of blood pumped out of ventricle during contraction
- Difference between end diastolic volume (volume in ventricle during relaxation) and end
systolic volume (volume in ventricle after systole)
- Measured using echocardiography
Stroke volume = end diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV)
Cardiac output
- Volume pumped by each ventricle per minute
- Indicates blood flow through peripheral tissues
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
Challenges to BP regulation
- Posture (eg. lying to standing, blood pools in legs)
- Dehydration
- Haemorrhage (blood loss)
- Surgery, wounds, burns (fluid loss to tissues)
- exercise (increases flow but decreases total peripheral resistance)
- Abnormal hormonal regulation (eg. tumour)
Arterial baroreceptor reflex
- Regulates BP (sensitive to changes in MAP and pulse pressure)
- Stretch receptors (located in aortic arch and carotid sinus)
- Only short term (reset to personal normal)
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Document Summary

One of largest causes of death/mortality in australia. Fixed system (no reservoir of extra blood) Ohm"s law: pressure = flow x resistance o. Pressure (mmhg): continuous physical force exerted on/against object by something in contact with it o. Resistance (mmhg/l/min): force acting opposite to motion of fluid o. Flow in tissues important (only satisfactory if pressure within physiological limits) Systolic: highest pressure at peak of ventricular contraction. Diastolic pressure: highest pressure at peak of ventricular relaxation. Pulse pressure: difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Dicrotic notch: slight change in bp after left ventricle finishes contraction, as aortic valve closes to stop blood backflow. Map = diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure 3) Map = diastolic pressure + (systolic - diastolic pressure) Map = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance. Volume of blood pumped out of ventricle during contraction. Difference between end diastolic volume (volume in ventricle during relaxation) and end systolic volume (volume in ventricle after systole)

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