HLTH2510 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Methotrexate, Glutamine, Muscle Weakness
Musculo-Skeletal Disease:
Part 1
Arthritis – Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis
Musculoskeletal system (revision)
• Refers to the muscular and skeletal structures of the body
• Primary functions include;
• Form and support, as the framework for the body
• Protection of vital organs
• Structural and joint stability
• Facilitation of movement
• Major parts;
• Skeleton (bones)
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments
• Skeletal Msucles
Bone Anatomy
• Bones are made up of two types of bone tissue;
• Cortical (outer, compact) bone -
• Shaped like a cylinder and forms a dense layer around the inner bone.
• Supports the weight of the body.
• Trabecular (inner, spongy) bone.
• Porous, honeycomb appearance with large spaces in a lattice-work
formation.
• Forms and reforms with stress
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Bone Remodelling
• New bone tissue is formed to replace (and remove) old bone tissue.
• Approximately 10% of bone tissue is replaced each year in a healthy adult.
• This remodelling process is conducted by special cells:
• Osteoblasts - cells that build up and strengthen the new bone tissue
• Osteoclasts - cells that remove and resorb the old bone.
Soft Tissue Structures
• Ligaments – tough fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones
(serve as a joint)
• Offers stability to the joint and to the movements that the specific joint
needs to make
• Tendons – fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bone
• Muscles – primary role is to facilitate movement of the body, maintain posture,
stabilise joints, generate heat
• Cartilage – connective tissue that covers the ends of bones within a joint
Joint Types
• Fibrous joints
• tough fibrous tissues unite bone directly to bone
• Movement is very limited, so these are the most stable joints
• Cartilaginous joints
• The bones in cartilaginous joints are connected by a flattened disc of
cartilage
• Synovial joints
• Most common, freely moving, articulating joints
• The bones have a space between them and are indirectly connected by
joint capsule
• Prone to injury –most commonly affected by arthritis
Synovial Joint
▪ Six characteristics;
1. Joint capsule
2. Joint cavity
3. Synovial membrane
4. Synovial fluid
5. Articular cartilage
6. Busa
ARTHRITIS
• Arthritis affects 3.5 million Australians
(ABS, 2015)
• Arthritis is not a single disease.
• The ord arthritis literall eas
iflaatio of the joit
• Greek - Arthon = joint & itis = inflammation
• there are more than 100 conditions that can be classified as arthritis.
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• The most common symptoms of arthritis are pain, swelling and stiffness in one or
more joints and fatigue.
• Arthritis is a chronic condition – but may also be present as periods of acute
disease activity (flares).
Categories of Arthritis
• Two main categories;
• Degenerative (non-inflammatory) arthritis –
• Which develops when the cartilage in the joint erodes.
• Osteoarthritis.
• Inflammatory arthritis –
• Which results when, for an unknown reason, the immune system
mistakenly attacks the structures in the joint. It can also affect organs of the
body including the heart, lungs, eyes, skin.
• Rheumatoid arthritis.
• The two most prevalent types are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Common Rheumatologic Diseases with Joint involvement
OSTEOARTHRITIS
Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis
1.4 million sufferers of Osteoarthritis
Increase in prevalence due to aging of the population
Symptomatic OA uncommon in people <40 years
50% people >65 years
Almost universal >85years
Affects knees, hips, ankles, hands, feet, spine
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