BIOL1040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Messenger Rna, Phosphodiester Bond, Cell Nucleus

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rubyzebra185

23 May 2018

School

University of Newcastle

Department

Biological Sciences

Course

BIOL1040

Professor

Bill

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

LEARNING GOALS:

1. What do nucleic acids do?

2. DNA vs RNA

3. Structure – three parts

4. A,T, C, G, U

5. Phosphodiester bond

6. DNA complementarity

7. RNA double stranding

NUCLEIC ACIDS

So what is life and what determines how everything is supposed to be? Why are we what we are?

Why do all members of a particular species share the same characteristics different from other

species? So what actually determines the specific amino acid sequence resulting in that specific

protein that carries out a specific function?

This all part of the Geetis of Life ad it is Nulei Aids that are resposile for it.

There are two classes of nucleic acids both of which function in the transmission of hereditary

information and in protein synthesis.

• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid (double chain)

• RNA - Ribonucleic Acid (single chain)

They are the genetic material in the cells with the information that directs all cellular functions and

allows for replication of the inherited information that makes an organism

GENERAL INFORMATION / DNA & RNA

DNA

• Found only in the nucleus of a cell.

• Contains the genetic information for growth and reproduction.

• The DNA molecule is more stable than RNA or proteins, hence a more reliable form of storage

of the genetic information of an organism.

RNA

• Found throughout the cell.

• In cells, RNA is used to transfer genetic information from the DNA to the site of protein

synthesis.

• Structurally, chemically, and functionally an intermediate between DNA and proteins.

ROLES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

• DNA is unique amongst molecules as it provides direction for its own replication

o Also direct RNA synthesis which controls protein synthesis – Called gene expression

• DNA is the genetic material of inheritance

• Each chromosome usual carries several hundred

• or more genes

• When cells divide – DNA is copied and passed from one generation to the next

• RNA- in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA) conveys the genetic instruction for building

proteins

• There are also ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)

COMPOSITION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

• Nucleic acids exist as polynucleotides

o Each nucleotide has three parts

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o A five carbon sugar (pentose)

o A itroge otaiig itrogeous ase • Oe or ore phosphate groups

• Nitrogenous base

o Has one (pyrimidines, one 6 membered ring) or two rings (purines, one six membered

and one five membered ring)

• Pyrimidines – Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U) – C and T in DNA, C and U in

RNA

• Purines – Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

Sugar differs between DNA and RNA

DNA – deoxyribose

RNA – Ribose

Only difference is the loss of an oxygen molecule

Oe to three phosphate groups added to the 5’ aro of the sugar

NUCLEOTIDE POLYMER

• To make DNA and RNA we need to make a polymer

• Dehydration reaction (removal of water)

• Nucleic acids form when nucleotides polymerize, or come together.

• A condensation reaction forms a phosphodiester linkage (Phosphodiester Bond) between the

phosphate group o the 5′ aro of oe uleotide ad the –OH group o the 3′ aro of

another.

• The sequence of nitrogenous bases forms the primary structure of the polymer

• Creates a sugar phosphate backbone

POLYMERISATION OF NUCLEOTIDES - CONDENSATION REACTION

• The sugar-phosphate backbone of a nucleic acid is directional—oe ed has a uliked 5′

aro, ad the other ed has a uliked 3′ aro.

• The sequence of nitrogenous bases forms the Primary Structure of the polymer.

• The Nitrogenous Bases stick out from the Sugar- Phosphate Backbone which allows them to

combine in the formation of:

o DNA molecules

o RNA molecules

o Proteins

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Document Summary

Learning goals: what do nucleic acids do, dna vs rna, structure three parts, a,t, c, g, u, phosphodiester bond, dna complementarity, rna double stranding. This all part of the (cid:862)ge(cid:374)eti(cid:272)s of life(cid:863) a(cid:374)d it is nu(cid:272)lei(cid:272) a(cid:272)ids that are respo(cid:374)si(cid:271)le for it. There are two classes of nucleic acids both of which function in the transmission of hereditary information and in protein synthesis: dna - deoxyribonucleic acid (double chain, rna - ribonucleic acid (single chain) They are the genetic material in the cells with the information that directs all cellular functions and allows for replication of the inherited information that makes an organism. In cells, rna is used to transfer genetic information from the dna to the site of protein synthesis. Structurally, chemically, and functionally an intermediate between dna and proteins. Rna: purines adenine (a), guanine (g) Only difference is the loss of an oxygen molecule. O(cid:374)e to three phosphate groups added to the 5" (cid:272)ar(cid:271)o(cid:374) of the sugar.

Related Questions

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of the fact that DNA polymerase can only build onto the end of an existing nucleic acid?

Question 6 options:

	DNA replication requires primers
	Bits of DNA are lost from the ends of your chromosomes in each successive round of replication
	RNA is involved in DNA replication
	The enzyme "primase" is needed for DNA replication
	There are multiple origins of replication on each eukaryotic chromosome

How does a nucleotide sequence code for a protein in nearly all living organisms?

Question 7 options:

	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 64 different amino acids
	a sequence of 2 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for one of 20 different amino acids
	a sequence of 3 nucleotides can code for 3 different amino acids

Fill in the blanks. To make one strand of DNA, _________ monomers are linked together in a chain, forming a polymer we call a(n) ________ .

Question 8 options:

	nitrogenous bases, hydrogen bond
	nucleotide, nucleic acid
	amino acid, nucleic acid
	nucleotide, nitrogenous base
	amino acid, protein

Which of the following was NOT part of the ideas that Darwin used in his book On the Origin of Species?

Question 9 options:

	organisms vary in characteristics that affect survival and reproduction
	variation in traits is often heritable
	descent with modification explains life's unity and life's diversity
	organisms inherit characteristics from their parents that the parents acquired in their own lifetimes
	natural selection is a cause of adaptive evolution

Here is a hypothetical mRNA sequence:

5' G G A U G C U A G U A U G A 3'

What is the amino acid sequence encoded by this mRNA?

Question 10 options:

	Met-Ile-Val
	Asp-Ala-Ser-Met
	Met-Leu-Val
	Ser-Met-Ile-Val
	Gly-Cys

1. To understand the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) we need to know and understand how the bases in DNA are composed. Please state Chargaffâs rules (there are two).

2. Explain why replication of the DNA is termed semiconservative.

3. Explain what transcription is and what translation is. Describe the three major steps in DNA replication.

1. Describe the three major classes of RNA (ribonucleic acid); what is the function of each class?

2. Describe the location of ribosomes and what their function is.

1. Discuss (to the best of your knowledge and understanding) what is a GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) and how researchers might use a GFP-labeled protein to study cancer?

2. How would you test a hypothesis that a genetic condition, like cancer, is due to an error (or mistake) in transcription and translation?

1. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events (from start to finish) in cellular fatty acid oxidation?

A. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

B. Beta-oxidationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activation

C. Fatty acid activationÃ carnitine shuttleÃ beta-oxidation

D. Carnitine shuttleÃ Fatty acid activationÃ beta-oxidation

2. What reaction is catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase, or lipase?

A. Hydrolysis of TAGs into fatty acids and glycerol

B. Hydrolysis of TAGs into amino acids and glycerol

C. Hydrolysis of cholesterol in to fatty acid and water

D. Hydrolysis of cholesterol into acetyl-CoA

3. How do fatty acids of different carbon lengths cross into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation?

A. Small FAs of 10 carbons or fewer can freely diffuse through the membrane

B. Large FAs are cleaved into two smaller units that are actively transported across the membrane

C. A membrane-bound transferase catalyzes the conversion of long-chain FAs and FA-carnitine esters, which are transported across the membrane via a specific carrier

D. The breakdown of large FAs starts outside the matrix, allowing for the smaller particles to pass easily through the membrane

4. How can any RNA nucleotide be easily distinguished from a DNA nucleotide?

A. RNA nucleotides have a unique phosphodiester bond linkage

B. RNA nucleotides have uracil nitrogenous bases

C. RNA nucleotides have an -OH on the 2â carbon of the ribose

D. RNA nucleotides cannot be easily distinguished from DNA nucleotides

5. Which of the following statement is true concerning the sequence pTACGTAACGTA?

A. This is an RNA sequence

B. In order to have a more rigid structure in a double-stranded molecule, the sequence given would need more adenosine

C. If the complementary strand were present, the number of purines would be equal to the number of pyrimidines

D. The amount of purines is equal to the amount to pyrimidines

6. Complementary base pairing is considered which level of structure?

A. Secondary

B. Tertiary

C. Quaternary

D. Primary

7. Which of the following is/are required for the polymerization reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerase III?

I. RNA primer

II. DNA primer

III. RNA template

IV. DNA template

V. NTPs

VI. dNTPs

VII. Magnesium

VIII. Calcium

A. II, IV, V, and VII

B. II, IV, VI, and VII

C. I, IV, V, and VIII

D. I, IV, VI, and VII

8. DNA polymerase I, from E. coli, has three different catalytic sites. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

B. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

D. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase

9. Eukaryotes solve the problem of replicating the ends of their linear chromosomes by:

A. Using a protein as primer

B. Enzyme activity that uses an RNA template and reverse transcription in a series of repeat cycles

C. All of the listed solution

D. Terminal redundancy whereby each end of the chromosome is duplicated allowing recombination

BIOL1040 Lecture Notes - Lecture 12: Messenger Rna, Phosphodiester Bond, Cell Nucleus

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