EXSS2021 Lecture 5: Week 5 Notes

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Week 5 Notes
Diabetes Lecture
Diabetes Mellitus:
- raised blood glucose = hyperglycaemia
> lead to deficiency of insulin
Insulin: signals muscle and fat cells to uptake glucose to use as energy
- insulin released when glucose levels in the blood rise
Type 1 Diabetes
- insulin is not produced (insulin producing b cells in the pancreas are destroyed)
- due to autoimmune process (no reason why)
> cells are not signaled so don’t uptake glucose
Treatment
- insulin must be injected to maintain life
- normalize blood glucose
- diet to minimise long term
Type 2 Diabetes
- insulin resistance - cells don’t react to insulin
> glucose doesn’t enter cells
- prevalence increasing - ageing and westernizing populations, indigenous (x6)
Risk Factors
- obesity, central body fat , genetics, low fibre intake, high saturated fat intake, inactivity, intra-
uterine growth retardation
- most are modifiable
Treatment
- dietary management
- physical activity
- drugs
Normal Levels:
Type 1 Diabetes = 4-6mmol before meals, 4-8mmol after meals
Type 2 Diabetes = 6-8mmol before meals, 6-10mmol after meals
Diabetes and Diet:
Carbs
- high fibre intake, low GI
- veggies, fruit, cereal, wholegrain
Protein
- lower protein intake
- even lower for those with nephropathy (damage to kidneys from diabetes)
Vitamins/Minerals
- wide range, low salt/sodium intake
Alcohol
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Document Summary

Insulin: signals muscle and fat cells to uptake glucose to use as energy. Insulin released when glucose levels in the blood rise. Insulin is not produced (insulin producing b cells in the pancreas are destroyed) Due to autoimmune process (no reason why) > cells are not signaled so don"t uptake glucose. Insulin must be injected to maintain life. Insulin resistance - cells don"t react to insulin. Prevalence increasing - ageing and westernizing populations, indigenous (x6) Obesity, central body fat , genetics, low fibre intake, high saturated fat intake, inactivity, intra- uterine growth retardation. Type 1 diabetes = 4-6mmol before meals, 4-8mmol after meals. Type 2 diabetes = 6-8mmol before meals, 6-10mmol after meals. Even lower for those with nephropathy (damage to kidneys from diabetes) 10-20g acceptable daily - although alcohol blocks glucose production by liver = delayed hypoglycemia. Ranking of how fast carbs in a food are digested and absorbed into bloodstream.

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