ANHB2212 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Upper Extremity Of Humerus, Keratinocyte, Conus Medullaris
29 May 2018
School
Course
Professor
Human Structure and
Development
ANHB2212
Alyssa Santarelli
2017
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2
Table of Contents
EMBRYO AND FOETUS ANATOMY ............................................................................................... 4
EARLY EMBRYOLOGY – THE FIRST FOUR WEEKS: ..................................................................................... 4
DERIVATIVES OF THE GERM LAYERS: ........................................................................................................... 8
TYPICAL SPINAL NERVE:.............................................................................................................................. 11
VON BAERS LAWS OF EMBRYOLOGY: ....................................................................................................... 13
RECAPITULATION THEORY: ......................................................................................................................... 13
Example of Recapitulation Theory – Jaw Joint and Ear Ossicles (Pharyngeal Arches):
............................................................................................................................................................................... 13
VERTEBRAL COLUMN ....................................................................................................................14
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN: .............................................................. 14
REGIONAL EVOLUTION OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN: .......................................................................... 17
THE MOTION SEGMENT: .............................................................................................................................. 18
TYPES OF VERTEBRAE: ................................................................................................................................. 20
ANATOMY OF THE VERTEBRAL CANAL: .................................................................................................... 21
SPINAL MENINGES: ....................................................................................................................................... 21
SPINAL CORD: ................................................................................................................................................ 24
THORACIC SPINAL NERVES: ........................................................................................................................ 25
VERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS: ............................................................................................................................. 26
Vertebral Ligaments – Between Bodies: ............................................................................................ 26
Vertebral Ligaments – Between Arches:............................................................................................ 27
INTRINSIC POSTVERTEBRAL MUSCLES: .................................................................................................... 28
OTHER POSTVERTEBRAL MUSCLES: .......................................................................................................... 31
THOROCOLUMBAR FASCIA: ......................................................................................................................... 32
ARTICULAR SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................33
JOINT CLASSIFICATION: ................................................................................................................................ 33
NERVE AND BLOOD SUPPLY OF JOINTS: .................................................................................................... 34
THE SYNOVIAL JOINT: .................................................................................................................................. 35
Synovial Joint – Morphology: .................................................................................................................. 35
The Glenohumeral Joint: ........................................................................................................................... 37
THORAX .............................................................................................................................................38
MECHANISMS OF BREATHING: .................................................................................................................... 38
THE THORACIC CAGE: .................................................................................................................................. 39
JOINTS OF THE RIBS AND STERNUM: ......................................................................................................... 40
CHEST WALL:................................................................................................................................................. 42
DIAPHRAGM: .................................................................................................................................................. 42
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: .............................................................................................................................. 43
PLEURAL CAVITY:.......................................................................................................................................... 44
SURFACE ANATOMY OF THE LUNGS: .......................................................................................................... 45
PERICARDIUM: ............................................................................................................................................... 46
SINUSES: ......................................................................................................................................................... 47
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE HEART: .............................................................................................................. 48
INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART: ....................................................................................................... 49
CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE HEART: ...................................................................................................... 51
CIRCULATION: ................................................................................................................................................ 52
FOETAL CIRCULATION: ................................................................................................................................. 52
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEART: ................................................................................................................. 53
MEDIASTINUM: .............................................................................................................................................. 55
ABDOMEN ..........................................................................................................................................56
INTRA-EMBRYONIC COELOM: ..................................................................................................................... 56
DEVELOPMENT OF BODY CAVITIES:........................................................................................................... 57
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3
THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY: ........................................................................................................................... 59
INGUINAL CANAL: ......................................................................................................................................... 60
HERNIAS: ........................................................................................................................................................ 61
BRANCHES OF THE ABDONINAL AORTA: ................................................................................................... 61
ANASTOMOSES:.............................................................................................................................................. 62
ARTERIES TO INTRAPERITONEAL ORGANS: .............................................................................................. 63
NERVE SUPPLY OF GUT: ............................................................................................................................... 63
STRUCTURE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: .................................................................................................. 65
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ........................................................................................................ 65
DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIDNEYS: .............................................................................................................. 67
DEVELOPMENT OF GENITAL DUCTS: ......................................................................................................... 69
PELVIS .................................................................................................................................................70
FUNCTIONS OF THE PELVIS: ........................................................................................................................ 70
BOUNDARIES OF THE PELVIS: ..................................................................................................................... 70
COMPONENTS OF THE BONY PELVIS:......................................................................................................... 71
JOINTS AND LIGAMENTS OF THE PELVIS: .................................................................................................. 73
MALE VS. FEMALE PELVIS: .......................................................................................................................... 74
WALLS OF THE PELVIS: ................................................................................................................................ 74
PELVIC FLOOR: .............................................................................................................................................. 76
PELVIC ORGANS:............................................................................................................................................ 77
Gastrointestinal System: ........................................................................................................................... 78
Urinary System: ............................................................................................................................................. 78
Reproductive System: ................................................................................................................................. 78
PERINEUM: ..................................................................................................................................................... 82
Innervation of the Peirneum: .................................................................................................................. 82
STAGES OF LABOUR: ..................................................................................................................................... 83
Foetal Point of View: ................................................................................................................................... 84
Adaptations to the Obstetric Dilemma:.............................................................................................. 86
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Document Summary
Early embryology the first four weeks: 4. Example of recapitulation theory jaw joint and ear ossicles (pharyngeal arches): Growth and development of the vertebral column: 14. Regional evolution of the vertebral column: 17. Nerve and blood supply of joints: 34. Joints of the ribs and sternum: 40. Joints and ligaments of the pelvis: 73. 9: gives rise to all muscle and all connective tissue, paraxial mesoderm, week 3 paraxial mesoderm begins to be organized into segments somites, somites appear in an ordered sequence cranial to caudal . Innervated by dorsal ramus of spinal nerve: hypomere, ventral cells from dermatome and myotome, migrate into somatopleure to become dermis and muscles of body wall and limbs. Example of recapitulation theory jaw joint and ear ossicles (pharyngeal arches): pharygeal arches in fish and reptiles, primitive jawless fish pharyngeal arches make the gills (1st arch.
