ANHB2216 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Positive Feedback, Blood Pressure, Adipocyte

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sangriajackal911

29 May 2018

School

UWA

Department

Anatomy and Human Biology/Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology

Course

ANHB2216

Professor

Caitlin Wyrwoll

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ANHB2216

Human Reproductive Biology

Alyssa Santarelli

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Table of Contents

ENDOCRINOLOGY 3

HORMONES: 3

STEROID HORMONES: 3

EICOSANOID HORMONES: 4

PROTEIN HORMONES: 4

DETERMINANTS OF HORMONE ACTION: 6

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS: 6

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF SPERMATOGENESIS: 7

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF OVARIAN CYCLE: 7

THE LIFE CYCLE 8

SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION: 8

SEXUAL MATURATION: 10

GONADS AND GAMETES: 13

GAMETE TRANSPORT AND FERTILIZATION: 16

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE AGEING: 18

EVOLUTION OF MENOPAUSE: 20

MALE REPRODUCTIVE AGEING: 21

FERTILITY CONTROL AND INFERTILITY 22

FERTILITY CONTROL – CONTRACEPTION: 22

INFERTILITY: 23

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS): 27

PREGNANCY 29

INITIATION OF PREGNANCY AND IMPLANTATION: 29

PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION: 30

FOETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: 32

MONITORING FOETAL WELLBEING: 33

MATERNAL ADAPTATIONS TO PREGNANCY: 34

BIRTH: 36

BREASTS AND LACTATION: 37

STRESS AND REPRODUCTION 38

FECUNDABILITY (F): 38

STRESS: 38

SUPPRESSION OF REPRODUCTION: 38

GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND REPRODUCTION: 39

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Endocrinology

Hormones:

• Work slowly (seconds)

• Long acting, widespread effects

• Bind to specific receptors in nucleus or cell membrane of target cells

• Alter cellular activity of target cell

• Act at very low concentrations but with very large effects

• Can act at variable distances from source organ/cell

o Endocrine → circulate in blood stream, distant target cells

o Paracrine → target cell is nearby/adjacent

o Autocrine → target cell also produces/secretes hormones

o Exocrine → secretion of substance into a duct/tube

• Classes of hormones

o Steroids

o Eicosanoids

o Proteins

Steroid Hormones:

• Pathway for synthesis aided by enzymes

• Hydrophobic

• Transferred using carrier proteins

• Bound hormone

o >95%

o Cannot perform action while bound

• Free hormone

o 2-5%

o Can cross membrane

• Receptor is found in nucleus of target cell → steroid hormones can cross

membranes easily

• Once bound to receptor, ligand-receptor complex forms transcription

factor → leads to production of a new protein

• Progestagens

o Include

▪ Progesterone → 100% potency

▪ 17-hydroxyprogesterone → 40-70% potency

▪ 20-hydroxyprogesterone → 5% potency

o Functions for gestation

▪ Development of mammary glands

▪ Maintenance of endometrium

▪ Controls FSH and LH secretions

• Androgens

o Include

▪ 5-dihydrogentestosterone → 100% potency

▪ Testosterone → 50% potency

▪ Androstenedione → 5% potency

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Document Summary

Eicosanoid hormones: derived from arachidonic acid, main reproductive group prostaglandins, generally paracrine secretion, synthesised by, seminal vesicles, myometrium, cervix, ovary, placenta, aspirin blocks synthesis of prostaglandins. Inhibin (a + b: secreted by sertoli and granulosa cells. Intra-ovarian and intra-testicular activity gamete production: gonad-pituitary interactions feedback mechanisms, anti-mullarian hormone, secreted by sertoli cells of foetus and granulosa cells, develops male genitalia, allows testes to descend. Inhibitory control: inhibitory factor prevents release of hormone. Endocrine control of ovarian cycle: late luteal phase of previous cycle early follicular phase of current cycle, prior to ovulation, luteal phase. Increase conversion of progestin to androgen: masculinization of female infants, e. g. congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Gonads and gametes: testes, function, gamete production seminiferous tubules, androgen secretion interstitial fluid main area of blood supply, seminiferous tubule, contains, sertoli cells 10, germ cells. In absence of pregnancy, cl refresses after 12-14 days forms scar tissue corpus albicans.

Related Questions

1. What is homeostasis? help me to understand homeostasis ?

2. What types of feedback are used in the body? Find examples

3. What are the differences between the endocrine and nervous systems?

4. Know the difference between lipid soluble and water soluble hormones and how they elicit their effects on target cells.

5. What are potential mechanisms that can lead to endocrine dysfunctions?

6. What are the major differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

7. What are: endocrine? Paracrine? Autocrine?
8. How is oxygen transported in the blood?
9. What is the physiological response to hypoxia?
10. What is osmolarity? Hemopoiesis?
11. Blood typing: who can donors donate to and who can receivers receive from? Know the Rh factor and how it relates to Rh antibodies.
12. What is the difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells?
13. Know about the cardiac conduction cycle.
14. Know how the valves function and the direction of blood flow through the heart

1. Be able to define the following terms: releasing hormone,inhibiting hornone, trooic hormone, nontropic hormones,neurosecretory cells.

2. What are hormones?

3. What are two specific differences between the endocrine andnervous systems?

4. What are the four different types of cell signaling?

5. What are the three types of hormonal control pathways? Givean example of each.

6. What is local regulator?

7. What type of feedback is a common feature of pathways thatcontrol homeostasis?

8. What are the three major classes of molecules that functionas hormones? Which are water-souble and which are lipid-souble?

9. Signaling by a hormone involves three key events. What arethey?

10. What is the correlation between solubility of a hormone andthe location of its receptors?

11. In addition to receptor location, water-soluble andlipid-soluble hormones also exhibit additional differences in theirresponse pathways. What are these differences?

12. What is signal transduction pathway?

13. Why can the same hormone have different effects on differentbody tissues?

14. Liver cells and the blood vessels of skeletal muscle cellshave identical surface receptors for epinephrine, yet the responeof these two cells types is dramatically different. Explain howthis is possible.

15. In the "fight or fight response" the release of epinephrinefrom the adrenal medulla cause skeletal muscle blood vessels todilate while simultaneously constricting blood vessels of theintestine. Explain how this is possible.

16. List the three types of local regulators discussed in classand explain their function.

ochremule554

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

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ANHB2216 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Positive Feedback, Blood Pressure, Adipocyte

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