PATH2220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Immunoglobulin G, Whole Genome Sequencing, Myocarditis

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29 May 2018

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PATH2220

Introduction to Human Disease

Alyssa Santarelli

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Table of Contents

INFLAMMATION 4

WHAT IS INFLAMMATION? 4

THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS: 4

THE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE: 5

VASCULAR CHANGES: 5

CELLULAR EVENTS: 6

EXAMPLES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATORY REACTIONS IN THE LUNG: 7

OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION: 8

SUPPURATION: 8

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION: 8

HEALING AND REPAIR: 9

FIBROSIS: 9

EXAMPLES OF SKIN DISEASES: 9

IMMUNITY 11

OVERVIEW OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: 11

INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM: 11

ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM: 13

ALLERGY: 14

COMMON ALLERGIC DISORDERS: 16

AUTOIMMUNITY: 17

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE: 17

NUTRITION AND DISEASE 19

WHAT IS NUTRITION? 19

ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS: 20

NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES: 20

ALCOHOL: 22

WHAT HAPPENS TO ALCOHOL WHEN YOU DRINK IT? 22

EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL: 23

DIABETES MELLITUS: 24

TYPE 1 DIABETES: 25

TYPE 2 DIABETES: 25

BLOOD VESSELS AND DISEASE 25

TISSUE DAMAGE AND TRAUMA: 26

ON A CELLULAR LEVEL: 27

ADAPTATIONS AND OUTCOMES: 27

INJURY OF SKIN/SOFT TISSUE: 28

HEART ATTACK: 28

ATHEROSCLEROSIS: 28

STROKE – CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT: 29

HAEMATOLOGY 31

WHAT IS HAEMATOLOGY? 31

BLOOD: 31

ERYTHROCYTES: 31

LEUKOCYTES: 32

TYPES OF BLEEDING DISORDERS: 33

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BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS: 33

BLOOD GROUPING: 34

ANAEMIA: 34

REACTIVE (BENIGN) WHITE CELL DISORDERS: 35

MALIGNANT WHITE CELL DISORDERS: 36

NEOPLASIA 37

INTRODUCTION TO NEOPLASIA: 37

CERVICAL CANCER: 40

COLON CANCER: 43

MOLECULAR BASIS OF CANCER: 44

MELANOMA AND OTHER TYPES OF SKIN CANCER: 47

LUNG CANCER: 49

FORENSIC PATHOLOGY 51

INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC PATHOLOGY: 51

NATURAL DISEASE AND FORENSIC PATHOLOGY: 53

FORENSIC PATHOLOGY OF TRAUMA: 56

ENVIRONMENT AND DISEASE 59

THE ENVIRONMENT AS A CAUSE FOR DISEASE: 59

SMOKING AND DISEASE: 61

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION: 62

INFECTION AND DISEASE 64

EPIDEMICS AND INFECTION: 64

BACTERIAL INFECTIONS: 64

VIRAL INFECTIONS: 65

GENETICS AND DISEASE 67

INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC PATHOLOGY: 67

MUTATION DETECTION IN INHERITED DISEASE: 69

GENETIC TESTING IN PATIENT MANAGEMENT: 71

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Document Summary

Examples of acute inflammatory reactions in the lung: What is inflammation: response of living tissue to injury, goal of inflammatory reaction, bring leukocytes and plasma proteins to site of infection or tissue damage, eliminating causative agent, initiating healing, generally beneficial essential for survival. Vascular changes: vasodilators, action of mediators on vascular smooth muscle and initial constriction, arterioles dilate followed by capillary bed expansion, increased blood flow redness and heat. Increased osmotic pressure of tissue swelling: chemical mediators of the vascular response. In response to cytokines, endothelial cells upregulate expression of adhesion molecules selectins: selectins bind to surface carbohydrates on leukocytes, firm adhesion. Healing and repair: healing, resolution, repair, occurs when resolution is impossible, maturation of granulation tissue to form scar tissue. Involves formation of granulation tissue organization: organisation, growth of new capillaries and fibroblasts into damaged tissue, new capillaries and fibroblasts granulation tissue, matures to form fibrous tissue, process involved in repair of tissue.

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orangepig166

1. Sickle cell anemia

2. Decompression Sickness

3. SIDS

4. Bronchiogenic Carcinoma

5. Asthma

6. Nitrogen Narcosis

7. Ischemia

8. Hypocapnia

9. Hypercapnia

10. Hypoventilation

11. hyperventilation

A. lung cancer

B. inherited conformational change in Hb; heterzygotes partially resistant to malaria; more common in premature infants; hyaline

C. Martini's LAw

D. "the bends" air embolism

E. abnormally low carbon dioxide in the blood

F. abnormally rapid breathing rate/minute volume

G. abnormally slow breathing rate/minute volume

H. crib death

I. abnormally high carbon dioxide in the blood

J. insufficient or lack of oxygen to a give ntissue

K. Acute inflammation of respiratory tree

coralsea-lion919

Question 1

What does the fact that Sylvia only has asthma attacks at work indicate?

	A.	That she is allergic to something in the air during her commute to work.
	B.	That there is something in the building that she works in that is triggering attacks.
	C.	That she needs more exercise to try to lessen the number of asthma attacks.
	D.	That there is more serious lung disease present.

2 points

Question 2

Sylvia uses a bronchodilator when she is having an asthma attack. What is the purpose of this treatment?

	A.	To prevent lung infection
	B.	To control coughing
	C.	To moisten the airway
	D.	To control inflammation of the airway

2 points

Question 3

When Sylvia has an asthma attack, it can be said that she has low oxygen levels in her blood because of her respiratory disorder. This condition is known as:

	A.	Asphyxia
	B.	Cyanosis
	C.	Hypoxemia
	D.	Hypercapnia

2 points

Question 4

The physician who specializes in diseases of the respiratory system, like Sylvia's asthma, is called a/an:

	A.	pulmonologist
	B.	otolaryngologist
	C.	thoracic surgeon
	D.	respiratory therapist

2 points

Question 5

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the:

	A.	trachea
	B.	bronchiole tubes
	C.	diaphragm
	D.	pleural cavity

2 points

Question 6

Sylvia's coworker, Sid, has suffered from bronchitis. This disease occurs when:

	A.	the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant.
	B.	there is a long term, progressive loss of lung function.
	C.	there is an obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness and swelling around vocal cords.
	D.	the sinuses have become inflamed or infected.

2 points

Question 7

Another coworker of Sylvia's has had the flu twice. What is this disease?

	A.	Whooping cough
	B.	Runny nose
	C.	Inflammation of the sinuses
	D.	Acute respiratory infection caused by a virus

2 points

Question 8

When Sylvia feels an asthma attack coming on there is a handheld device that she can used to measure the air flowing out of her lungs; this can reveal any narrowing of the airways before the attack occurs. This device is known as:

	A.	spirometer
	B.	CPAP machine
	C.	peak flow meter
	D.	BiPAP machine

2 points

Question 9

Why does Sylvia's roommate's idea about the city's air pollution triggering an asthma attack not seem likely?

	A.	Sylvia runs in the park every morning and does not have an asthma attack.
	B.	Sylvia does not have a job that requires her to work outdoors.
	C.	Kelly is not a physician so she can't really say what causes an asthma attack.
	D.	Sylvia may not have been tested for allergies that could trigger her asthma attacks.

2 points

Question 10

Sylvia has sometimes noticed wheezing when she has an asthma attack. What does wheezing indicate?

	A.	There is an absence of spontaneous breathing.
	B.	An absence of oxygen
	C.	Partially obstructed airway
	D.	Abnormal buildup of carbon dioxide in her blood

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PATH2220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Immunoglobulin G, Whole Genome Sequencing, Myocarditis

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