BIOL 3523 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Gram Staining, Virulence Factor, Crystal Violet
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1.This week, you will be conducting Gram stains of bacteria.Which of the following statements are true? (Mark all thatapply)
Gram-negative bacteria do not stain purple because they do nottake-up crystal violet or iodine | ||
The peptidoglycan in the walls of Gram-positive bacteria bindsto the crystal violet stain more easily than walls of Gram-negativebacteria do | ||
Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls with a thickerpeptidoglycan layer than walls of Gram-negative bacteria | ||
Gram-negative bacteria do not stain purple, because their cellwall structure allows purple-colored iodine-dye complexes to washout of the cells more easily than the cell wall structure ofGram-positive bacteria does | ||
Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane (outside thepeptidoglycan layer in their wall) that Gram-positive bacterialack |
2.
What evidence is used to inform our understanding ofrelationships among species? (mark all that apply)
Biochemical similarities between existing species | ||
Fossils | ||
Morphological similarities between existing species (presence ofhair, backbones, etc.) | ||
DNA sequences and molecular clocks |
3.
For each of the groups of organisms below, indicate whether theybelong in (A.) Archaea, (B.) Bacteria, or (C.) Eukarya
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4.
Select all true statements about the relative diversity ofdifferent groups of organisms from among the followingstatements:
There are more species of plants on Earth than species ofmolluscs | ||
There are more plant species on Earth than mammal species | ||
There are more species of plants on Earth than species offungi | ||
There are more species of fungi on Earth than mammal species | ||
There are more species of plants on Earth than species ofarthropods | ||
There are more flatworm species on Earth than mammal species |
LAB MODULE: BASIC MICROSCOPY â STUDY HELP
The information in this document is helpful in preparing for the Basic Microscopy Pre-Lab Quiz on Canvas and the Basic Microscopy quiz on Late Nite Labs.
Instructions:
⢠Go to your Late Nite Labs course site and click on the Basic Microscopy link. The lab manual content will appear on the right side of the screen.
⢠PRINT and READ all of the information found in the Basic Microscopy lab manual.
⢠Use the information to answer the following questions.
Questions
⢠Fill in the remainder of the chart.
| Objective Lens | Objective Magnification | Ocular Magnification | Total Magnification |
| Scanning | 4X | 10X | 40X |
| Low Power | 10X | 10X | |
| High Power | 40X | 10X | |
| Oil Immersion | 100X | 10X |
⢠Do all organisms consist of more than one cell?
⢠What is the structural and functional unit of living things? In other words, what is considered the basic building block of LIFE?
⢠What three structures are found in the cells of ALL organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic? You may have to look at the pictures of the cells in the Basic Microscopy lab manual content to find all three structures. Note: plasma membrane = cell membrane
⢠List the major differences in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells? Include the location of genetic material in a eukaryotic versus prokaryotic cell.
⢠List the organelles found in a eukaryotic cell that are not found in a prokaryotic cell. You may have to look at the pictures of the cells in the Basic Microscopy lab manual content to find all of these.
⢠In eukaryotic cells, genetic information is found in the form of DNA. Is this true for prokaryotic cells?
⢠Are flagella and cell walls unique to eukaryotes? Why or why not?
⢠The __________is the part of a cell that allows the movement of substances into and out of the cell and protects the cell from its environment.
⢠The__________is a substance that contains all of the dissolved and suspended ions and other molecules needed to keep the cell alive.
⢠A__________is an organelle that serves as the site of photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell.
⢠Some organisms have cells that contain a__________that gives the cell a more structured shape and strengthens the cell by osmotic pressure.
⢠Describe dark field microscopy.
⢠Describe phase contrast microscopy.
⢠Why do scientists use dark field microscopy and phase contrast microscopy when studying prokaryotic cells?
⢠How does phase contrast microscopy help scientists visualize difficult specimens?
⢠Fill in the remainder of the chart. The organisms studied during this lab are: Amoeba, Spirogyra, cardiac muscle, and bacteria.
| Structure | Function | Organisms Studied |
| Plasma Membrane | Amoeba, Spirogyra, cardiac muscle, and bacteria | |
| Cytoplasm | ||
| Nucleus | Contains the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell | |
| Chloroplast | Spirogyra | |
| Cell wall |