Part A
The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.
The ultimate problem with cholera that can lead to death is __________.
| only water loss |
| fluid loss with electrolyte concentrations remaining normal |
| severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance |
| only electrolyte loss |
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Part B
The loss of chloride ions is occurring as a result of an continuously open __________, found in certain intestinal epithelial cells.
The loss of chloride ions is occurring as a result of an continuously open __________, found in certain intestinal epithelial cells.
| chloride channel protein |
| sodium pump |
| ATP dependent sodium/potassium pump |
| potassium pump |
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Part C
The main purpose of the chloride channel proteins on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelial cells is to create an osmotic gradient that ultimately causes __________ to move through the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal lumen to assist in the formation of mucus. These are the same chloride channel proteins, adversely affected in cystic fibrosis.
The main purpose of the chloride channel proteins on the apical surface of the intestinal epithelial cells is to create an osmotic gradient that ultimately causes __________ to move through the intestinal epithelium and into the intestinal lumen to assist in the formation of mucus. These are the same chloride channel proteins, adversely affected in cystic fibrosis.
| potassium |
| calcium |
| water |
| sodium |
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Part D
The main physiologic mechanism used to control the opening of the chloride channel protein is through the use of __________.
The main physiologic mechanism used to control the opening of the chloride channel protein is through the use of __________.
| G protein–linked receptors |
| potassium pump |
| enzyme-linked receptors |
| sodium pump |
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Part E
The main factor that causes cholera is the overstimulation of __________ by the __________.
The main factor that causes cholera is the overstimulation of __________ by the __________.
| guanylate cyclase; the bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
| adenylate cyclase; the bacterium Vibrio cholerae |
| guanylate cyclase; cholera toxin |
| adenylate cyclase; cholera toxin |
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Part F
The normal physiologic mechanism used by G protein–linked receptors is for a ligand to bind to the G protein–linked receptor; this in turn activates __________ located in the intracellular side of the plasma membrane, which eventually leads to the physiologic effector action.
The normal physiologic mechanism used by G protein–linked receptors is for a ligand to bind to the G protein–linked receptor; this in turn activates __________ located in the intracellular side of the plasma membrane, which eventually leads to the physiologic effector action.
| diacylglycerol |
| inositol triphosphate |
| G protein |
| cyclic AMP |
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Part G
Cholera toxin bypasses the normal sequential cascade of events involving G protein activation. The __________subunit of cholera toxin enters into the cell and directly activates __________. This leads to a non-physiologic (non-homeostatic) action of inappropriately maintaining the chloride channel proteins open. This causes excessive __________, sodium, and water to leave the intestinal epithelial cells.
Cholera toxin bypasses the normal sequential cascade of events involving G protein activation. The __________subunit of cholera toxin enters into the cell and directly activates __________. This leads to a non-physiologic (non-homeostatic) action of inappropriately maintaining the chloride channel proteins open. This causes excessive __________, sodium, and water to leave the intestinal epithelial cells.
| A; G protein; chloride |
| B; G protein; chloride |
| B; inositol triphosphate; calcium |
| A; diacylglycerol; chloride |
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Part H
A defect in the chloride channel protein, causing it to not open, will _________ the chloride, sodium, and water loss in cholera. However, it will also cause the individual to have __________ mucus.
A defect in the chloride channel protein, causing it to not open, will _________ the chloride, sodium, and water loss in cholera. However, it will also cause the individual to have __________ mucus.
| allow; thick |
| allow; thin |
| prevent, thin |
| prevent; thick |
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Part I
A drug that prevents the cholera toxin from attaching to the __________ in the intestinal epithelial cell could be a useful treatment.
A drug that prevents the cholera toxin from attaching to the __________ in the intestinal epithelial cell could be a useful treatment.
| ganglioside |
| protein |
| phospholipid |
| AMP |
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Part J
The best method to reduce the spread of cholera is to __________.
The best method to reduce the spread of cholera is to __________.
| never travel to underdeveloped countries |
| provide properly treated water supplies |
| give everyone antibiotics |
| give everyone antacids |
