HLST200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Orbital Period, Bloodletting, Bombast Von Hohenheim

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UNIT4
1. explain why there was a “rebirth” or flowering of intellectual activity in Europe during the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
The European meaning rebirth began with the renewed interest in the discovery of classical texts, This
intellectual voyaging was matched by a greater confidence and spirit of adventure that let to contacts with
newly discovered peoples and places. European found that they were living in a world of expanding
possibilities. They encountered people who had their own knowledge, particularly of navigation. While
intellectuals first looked backward, to the glorious heritage of the ancients, they soon used ancient
knowledge as a stepping stone to new information and ideas. At the same time the catholic church lost its
professed monopoly on truth with the upheaval of the reformation, while university scholatics found
themselves under attack, no longer the sole controllers of philosophic knowledge. A window of
opportunity was created, especially throught patronage in the princely courts and mercahnts halls.
Because of this, different things began to be valued. Rather than syllogistic logic and theological
subtleties, princes wanted spectacle, power , and wealth . Therefore, natural philosopher who were
practical or claimed to be were valued.
1. 2. identify the most important scientific figures in the Renaissance and explain how their
work helped to undermine medieval Aristotelianism.
Humanism revived Aristotelianism, bothe by rediscoverying early greek versions of Aristotelian texts
formely known only through Arabic translation and by forcing scholatics to make their arguments and
methodology more rigorous. As a result, Aristotle s system did not give way befire the humanist
onslaught, rather it incorporated much of the methodology and rigour of humanistic studies while
retaining its basic framework The Aristotelian system had proven extremely fruitful as a research
program, since it provided an all encompassing study of the physical world including physics, astronomy,
and biology, and of the spiritual and social world using methaphysic, logic, and politics. Until an equally
sophisticated paradigm could be established in the seventeeth century, Aristotelianism remained useful
and necessary.
2. 3, outline Copernicus’s criticisms of Ptolemaic astronomy and assess the strengths and
weaknesses of the Copernican hypothesis.
Not only did the predicted locations of the celestial bodies differ, but Copernicus believed that Ptolemy
had violate his own insistence on perfect circla motion in the heavens. Copernicus deided, as a
mathematical exercise, to reverse the heavenly arrangement and place the sun at the centre with all the
planets, including the earth, revolving aroud it.etc. Copernicus sysyem was just as complicated
mathematically as the Ptolemaic system had been, but it did explain a number of anomalies that had been
worrying astronomers for some time.
4.explain Tycho Brahe’s contributions to scientific thought and discuss his objections to
Ptolemy and Copernicus.
He offered his heroic astronomical work as his feudal dues instead. He was deeply indebted both to the
humanist rediscovery of ancient natural philosophy and the technology of the printing press. He was able
to compare printed tables, he was inded a self taught astronomer, learning his craft initially from printed
books.he was also the best naked eye observer in Europe.He built a huge observatory and the largest pre-
telescopic astronomical instrument ever seen.He devised a planetary system, often called the Tychonic
system, that was halfway between those devised by Ptolemy and Copernicus.He also made some of the
most important comet and new star slightings of the sixteenth century.Tyho and others proved that their
path were surpralunar and thus discredited the traditional physical explanations of the universe, but he
had no alternative physics to propose, which may help to explain the reluctance of astronomers and
natural philosphers to abandon Aristotle.Another of tycho s discoveries was the sighting of several new
starts. Appearing and continuing in the skies where none had been before. This again made a case against
the unchangeability of the heavens, and because tycho s observations were so good, the new stars could
not be ignored. The sighting of the new star of 1572 was, in fact, a completely different event than earlier
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supernovas, since many people following Tycho s lead , were able to observe the phenomenon
simultaneously and report within the year to the academin community, This was the fisrt instances of
community agreement rather than scholarly authority as the basis for establishing a scientific fact. The
making of scientific facts increasingly became a pubic enterprise.
1. 5 discuss the importance and the impact of the patronage system.
Patronage was a system of dependency, with personal contracts between two individuals:
the patron and the clients: The patron had the power, money and status, but wanted more.
The client could give the patron more of these while getting some for himself. It was thus a
two way and often volatile relationship. The whole system was based on changing the
balance status. In natural philosophical relationship the client claimed special knowledge
or skill, usually with some practical application, although sometimes he simply offered the
patron the prestige of being able to surpass the knowledge of some other prince natural
philosopher.The philosopher soughtto gain the attention of the world be patron by
dedicating a book or sending a manuscript to him or her, by circulating a letter concerning
the patron s interest, or by publishing a book acknowledge the patrons greatness.Throught
negociations the patron granted some court of household position to the scientist. This
generally led to science at the courts that was useful, daring, and often contreversal.
1. 6.describe the contributions to science made by Paracelsus, Galileo, and Kepler.
Paracelus ( 1493-1541), was influential in bringing together medical and alchemical
knowledge. And he is recognized as one of the maincreators of iastrochemistry or medical
chemistry.He treated miners diseases , especially black lung. His alchemical work led him
to become an advocate of the use of metals rather than traditional plant based drungs in
treatment, Most famously, he prescribed mecury for cases of the new disease of syphilis, a
cure only slightly less excruciating than the original symptoms.He shared the slowly
evolving view that alchemy should be concerned with the employing the material world for
useful purpose, not with the fruitless effort to create precious metals, he also promoted the
concept on understanding matter based on elemental composition, one of the foundational
ideas of later work in chemistry.
Galileo was born in Pisa in 1564, he developed law of how motion worked, his most
significant achievement in mechanics was his development of a clear picture of abstract
and measurable motion. The leaning tower of pisa experiment, was not performed by him,
making this the most famous unperformed experiment in the history of science.He also
worked on the problem of projectile motion, important to the princes and principalities for
whom he worked, since it was connected to ballistics and warfare.He found that
astronomical work was more successful in attracting patrnage than mechanics or
mathematics. While ballistics had been useful, its was the telescope and the discovery of
new celestial bodies that brought him the greatest reward of position, status, and
authorityThe telescope had been developed in the Netherlands in the fisrt years of the
seventeeth century Galilelo heard of this invention and imported a model. He worked out
the optical principles and developed a more powerful version.He discovered that there
were four moons circling Jupiter, he also discovered that the sun had rotating spots that
venus had phases, and that moon had craters and mountains. All this was highly
controversial.
Kepler(1571-1630): He whole heartedly endorsed the heliocentric sytem, he also attempted
to join the physic of the heavens to a mathematical model of their motion. In other wods,
Kepler asked wha the physical cause of the motions of the heaven was, rather than just
mapping their course.He postulated that some sort of magnetic force emanated from the
sun, in the centre, and was the cause of motion. That is the sun was the prime mover, a
concept that show that Kepler ws influenced by neo platonic ideas. He concluded that the
orbit of the planet was an ellipse, he also postulated that the magnetic force of the sun,
sweeping the planet around before it, operated in a mathematically consistent way and that
a line from the sun to each planer swept out an equal area in a equal time( called the equal
area law or keplers second law). This meant that when the planet was closer to the sun it
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Document Summary

Unit4: explain why there was a rebirth or flowering of intellectual activity in europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The european meaning rebirth began with the renewed interest in the discovery of classical texts, this intellectual voyaging was matched by a greater confidence and spirit of adventure that let to contacts with newly discovered peoples and places. European found that they were living in a world of expanding possibilities. They encountered people who had their own knowledge, particularly of navigation. While intellectuals first looked backward, to the glorious heritage of the ancients, they soon used ancient knowledge as a stepping stone to new information and ideas. At the same time the catholic church lost its professed monopoly on truth with the upheaval of the reformation, while university scholatics found themselves under attack, no longer the sole controllers of philosophic knowledge. A window of opportunity was created, especially throught patronage in the princely courts and mercahnts halls.

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