HLST200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: William Henry Perkin, Thermodynamics, Comparative Anatomy

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Unit 7:
discuss the connection between science and European empire building during the nineteenth
century.: Both industrialization and colonialism helped spur the development of science, which
offered the ability to know the world better and revealed ways to turn the natural ressources of
the colonial holdings into the wealth. This was a one way exchanged, as non European countries
started to adopt ideas and practices, including the study of nature, from their contacts with the
European thought. At the same time for those European nations that had limited colonial
holdings, science offered a way to deal with economic disvantage by creating new tools and
techniques to solves problems that resulted from a lack of cheap natural ressources,
describe the major trends in collecting and classifying biological species after Linnaeus.: The
collecting sciences of the eighteeth century became the biological science of the nineteeth. This
was deeply connected to that classification and understanding were part of the process of
controlling and exploiting and so, were bound up with the imperial project.
explain developments in the geological sciences during the nineteenth century.: `It flourished
under imperia competition because of its link to industrial development associated with coal,
iron, and other exploitation mineral ressources. Britain, for example, embarked on major field
projects to understand, map, and name the strata: and imperial geological surveys were
undertaken in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and India. Just as they had in Enlightenment
Europe , geologists continued to delve into the history of geology change
outline developments in evolutionary thinking and explain Charles Darwin’s theory of
evolution.: Malthus had argued that food supply would at best increase arithmetically, but that
the population would increase geometrically, with the ultimate conclusion a life and death
competition for ressources. While Malthus had developed this theory in order to explain the
population crisis he saw looming in Britain, Darwin immediately saw its application to the plant
and animal world. Darwin theory "All life on Earth is connected and related to each other," and
this diversity of life is a product of "modifications of populations by natural selection, where
some traits were favored in and environment over others," he said. More simply put, the theory
can be described as "descent with modification," said Briana Pobiner, an anthropologist and
educator at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in Washington,
D.C., who specializes in the study of human origins. The theory is sometimes described as
"survival of the fittest," but that can be misleading, Pobiner said. Here, "fitness" refers not to an
organism's strength or athletic ability, but rather the ability to survive and reproduce.
discuss the criticisms of Darwinian evolution.: Darwins theory dud raise questions. How could
God create a world that was so violent, so wasteful, and so unlike the grand design envisaged by
the natural theologiians? Could the human species really be descended from apes and not
created in God s image? If Darwin was right, did that mean parts of the Bible were wrong? For
biologists and other scientist, other pressing issues were also unresolved. The fossil record did
not seem to contain any gradual evolutionary forms, and there were many missing links or
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unfound intermediate forms, predicted by darwins theory. Present day variations seemed too
small to have created evolutionary change of the magnitude of fossil record.
outline the factors that led to the professionalization of science.: The appearance of more and
increasingly specialized scientific organizations and the development of new institutions in
education and research dedicated to science.
discuss the contributions to science made by Louis Pasteur, John Dalton, and Dmitri
Mendeleev.: Pasteur is most famous for his bacteriological work, he discovered that
fermentation process in wine, milk, and vinegar was due to the activity of miscroscopic animals
rather than chemical reaction.he discovered that these micro organism were anaerobic( lived
without oxygen) and that they could be killed by heat. The process of pasteurization, used in
winemaking( and later in milk production) to kill harmful microbes, boosted the French wine
industry, as well as earning Pasteur good return on his patents, he also extended the germ
theory of disease , first put forward by Robert Koch (1843-1910) to disease in silkworms,
developed vaccination for anthrax and rabies, and helped established Pasteur institutes around
the world to carry on his research.John Dalton (1766-1844), had propounded an atomic theory
that distinguished elements by their atomic weights( relative masses based on the assignment of
a comparison of element with hydrogen as the lightest).Julis Lothar meyer (1830-95) and Dmitri
Ivanovitch Mendeleev(1834-1907) gave order to the elements, each independently recognized
that the elements could be grouped by both atomic weight and by characteristic.
To what extent did scientific developments fuel the pace of European imperialism and
colonization during the nineteenth century?:
What was the debate over Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism all about and what did it reveal
about the nature of science in the nineteenth century?: The debate over causes the neptunism
and vulcanism of the eightenment century was transformed into a more quantitative discussion
of the rate and type of change, the two school of though catastrophism and uniformitarianism
that emerged from this debated relied on the idea of geological formations created by either
sudden or gradual change. The crux of the problem was this , had the earth once been hotter,
had volcanic activity once been greater, or had the earth always operated in the way it now did?
Hutton had said that forces now in operation explained all geological change, but he had been
labelled a dangerous radical by the end of the century, and most early nineteeth century
geologists disagreed with him.
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