PSYC340 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, Antisocial Personality Disorder
9 Jun 2018
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CHAPTER #8
medical model: proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behaviour as a disease, it gradually
became the dominant way of thinking about abnormal behaviour during the 18th and 19th centuries
and clearly represented progress over earlier models of abnormal behaviour
epidemiology: the study of the distribution of mental/physical disorders in a population
diagnosis: involves distinguishing one illness from another
etiology: refers to the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness
prognosis: a forecast about the probable course of an illness
prevalence: the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period
comorbidity: the co-existence of two or more disorders
concordance rate: the percentage of twin pairs or other pairs of relatives that exhibit the same
disorder
conjunction fallacy: an error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain
events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
culture-bound disorders: abnormal syndromes found in only a few cultural groups (ex. Koro is an
obsessive fear that one’s penis will withdraw into one’s abdomen, only seen among Chinese males
in Malaya)
availability heuristic: basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant
instances come to mind
representativeness heuristic: basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to
the typical prototype of that event
autism (or autistic disorder): a developmental disorder characterized by social and emotional
deficits, along with repetitive and stereotypic behaviours, interests, and activities
eating disorders: severe disturbances in eating behaviour characterized by preoccupation with
weigh concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight, (anorexia and bulimia)
anorexia nervosa: intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain normal
weight, and dangerous measures to lose weight, eventually leads to a cascade of medical problems
including amenorrhea (loss of periods), gastrointestinal problems, low blood pressure, osteoporosis
(loss of bone density), and metabolic disturbances that can lead to cardiac arrest or circulatory
collapse, leads to death in 5-10% of patients
bulimia nervosa: involves habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating followed by unhealthy
compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives, and excessive
exercising
binge-eating disorder: distress-inducing eating binges that are not accompanied by the purging,
fasting, and excessive exercise seen in bulimia
personality disorders: long-standing patterns of extreme, inflexible personality traits that are
deviant/maladaptive and lead to impaired functioning/subjective distress
antisocial personality disorder: marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and
irresponsible behaviour that reflects a failure to accept social norms, rarely feeling guilty about their
transgressions and lack adequate conscience/empathy for others, chronically violating the rights of
others, failing to accept social norms, to form attachments to others, or sustain consistent work
behaviour, exploitive and reckless, Research on the causes of this disorder has implicated genetic
vulnerability, autonomic reactivity, inadequate socialization, and observational learning
mood disorders: emotional disturbance of varied kinds that may spill over to disrupt physical,
perceptual, social, and thought processes (major depression, bipolar disorder, dysthymic disorder,
and cyclothymic disorder)
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major depressive disorder: People show persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of
interest in previous sources of pleasure, negative emotions form the heart of the depressive
syndrome, but many other symptoms may also appear, the most common symptoms are gloominess,
hopelessness, social withdrawl, irritability, slowness of thought processes, obsessive worrying,
inability to make decisions, negative self-image, self-blame, and delusions of guilt and disease, as
well as less activity, tiredness, experiencing difficulty sleeping, showing decreased sex drive and
decreased appetite, a central feature of depression is anhedonia: a diminished ability to experience
pleasure, depressed people lack the energy/motivatiuon to tackle the tasks of living, to the point
where they often have trouble getting out of bed, hence, they give up activities that they used to find
enjoyable, the prevalence of depression is about twice as high in women as it is in men, maybe
because women tend to adopt a self-regulatory style that is relational in nature, they are sensitive to
discrepancies involving their beliefs about themselves and the ideals they perceibe that others hold
for them, discrepancies that are related to elevated levels of dysphoria
dysthymic disorder: consists of chronic depression that is insufficient in severity to justify
diagnosis of a major depressive episode
cyclothymic disorder: exhibiting chronic but relatively mild symptoms of bipolar disturbance
anhedonia: a diminished ability to experience pleasure, a central feature of depression
bipolar disorder: Formerly known as manic-depressive disorder, Characterized by the experience
of one or more manic episodes as well as periods of depression, The symptoms seen in manic
periods generally are the opposite of those seen in depression, In a manic episode, a person’s mood
becomes elevated to the point of euphoria and self-esteem often skyrockets as the person bubbles
over with optimism, energy, abd extravagant plans, He/she becomes hyperactive and may go for
days without sleep, they talk rapidly and shift topics widly and their mind races at breakneck speed,
Their judgment is often impaired and some people in manic periods gamble impulsively, spend
money frantically, or become sexually reckless, Like depressive disorders, bipolar disorders vary
considerable in severity
postpartum depression: type of depression that sometimes occurs after childbirth
seasonal affective disorder: type of depression that follows a seasonal pattern
dissociative disorders: a class of disorders in which people lose contact with their consciousness or
memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity
dissociative amnesia: a sudden loss of memory for important personal info that is too extensive to
be due to normal forgetting, may occur for a single traumatic event (car accident/home fire) or for
an extended period of time surrounding the event, cases of amnesia have been observed after people
have experienced disasters, accidents, combat stress, physical abuse, and rape, or after they have
witnessed the violent death of a parent
dissociative fugue: people who lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of
personal identity, they forget their names, their families, where they live, and where they work, they
remember matters unrelated to their identity (how to drive a car/how to do math)
dissociative identity disorder (DID): involves the coexistence in one person of two or more
largely complete and usually very different personalities, used to be called multiple personality
disorder, the divergences in behaviour go far beyond those that people formally display in adapting
to different roles in life, people with “multiple personalities” feel that they have more than one
identity, each one has his/her own name, memories, traits, and physical mannerisms, frequently
portrayed in novels, TV shows, and movies, in popular media portrayals, the syndrome is often
mistakenly called schizophrenia, even though they are entirely different, in DID, the various
personalities are often unaware of each other, in other words, the experiences of a specific
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Document Summary
Divided schizophrenia into 2 categories; 1) negative symptoms: behavioral deficits; social withdrawal, flattened emotions, apathy, impaired attention and poverty of speech. 2)positive symptoms: behavioural excesses or peculiarities, hallucinations , delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas. Martin antony and karen rowa: - e. g. phobic disorders (1-5 canadians suffer significant anxiety related to their driving dears, but that those suffering from these disorders are actually good drivers. Aaron beck: sociotropic and autonomy personality types prone to depression. Sociotropic concerned with avoiding interpersonal problems and emphasize pleasing others. Autonomous ppl are concerned about own independence and achievement. (predispositions). Negative cognitive triad (have negative view of themselves, world and future) cognitive approach to depression. Robert hare: he developed the hare psychopathy checklist (pcl-revised), used to assess cases of psychopathy. Susan nolen-hoeksema: - women experience more depression than men because more likely to be victims of sexual abuse, and also endure poverty, harassment, role constraints. Thus, women experience depression to greater adversity and stress.
