BIOL 1F25 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Blood Vessel, Angiogenesis, Cell Migration

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13 Dec 2016

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Human embryonic development requires lots of cell division, blood vessel development, cell migration, cell death and tissue invasion. These processes are tightly controlled by genes. Cancer is characterized by abnormal use of these processes due, as we shall see, to mutation of the genes that are required for development. We would observe a linear response, if the probability did not develop with age: if the probability was constant, if we only look at one event. Two possible reasons: many changes to normal cells are required for cancer development, the probability of a single event increases over time. There is a change in cell shape. As cancer develops, tissue becomes disorganized; loss of structure. Stage 0: in situ (localized) cancer with few abnormal cells: very small tumors. Stage 1: cancers are localized to one part of the body. Stage 3: cancers are also locally advanced.

Related Questions

61) How areantiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of

cancer?

A) These drugsstop the replication of DNA so cancer cells

cannot reproduce.

B) These drugsstop the growth of blood vessels into the

tumor, so the cells "starve" to death.

C) These drugsstop metastasis.

D) These drugsstimulate the immune system.

E) These drugsstimulate the production of free radicals,

which kill cancer cells.

62) Which of the

following is true regarding photodynamic therapy?

A) It involves the use

of light sensitive drugs to target a cancer.

B) It uses magnets to

attract beads coated with a chemotherapeutic drug to acancer.

C) It is presently used

for the treatment of cancers of the breast and ovary.

D) It inhibits

angiogenesis.

E) It involves the use

of antibodies to deliver treatments to a cancer.

63) Which ofthe following types of cancer kills the highest

percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?

A)lung

B)breast

C)prostate

D)skin

E)colon

64) A mutationin which of the following genes can lead to

breast cancer?

A) BT05

B) HeLa

C) BRCA1

D)BCG

E)BCG2

65) If angiogenesis

were not to occur, a tumor would reach the size of a ________and stop growing.

A) period on a

typewritten page (.)

B) baseball

C) grapefruit

D) pea

E) basketball

66) Not onlydoes smoking cause lung cancer, it also doubles

the risk of which of the following types of cancer?

A)stomach

B)prostate

C)bladder

67) For women with a

mutated BRCA gene, the risk of breast cancer is about 60%.However, detection

of the mutated gene can occur before cancer ever develops by

A) testing of a blood

sample.

B) screening

mammography.

C) taking a biopsy of

breast tissue.

D) a PET scan.

E) urinalysis.

68) In some cases, why

doesn%u2019t the immune system recognize and destroy acancer?

A) Cancer cells that

produce abnormal antigens sometimes shed them.

B) Cancer cells have

less surface receptors needed for proper activation of Tcells.

C) Cancer cells have

enough %u201Cself%u201D surface markers as to be identified asnormal cells.

D) Cancer cells develop

from normal cells that cannot regulate cell division.

E) all of the above are

correct.

69) Theultimate goal of the male reproductive system is to

A) ensure thatsperm is produced at the correct time,

coinciding with ovulation.

B) releasesperm into the female's reproductive system.

C) join spermwith an egg, in an environment that favors

fertilization.

D) producelarge numbers of sperm.

E) maintain thehomeostatic condition of the male's body.

70) Synthesisof new sperm cells occurs in the

A) ductusdeferens.

B)urethra.

C) prostategland.

D) epididymis.

E) seminiferous tubules.

71) Externalgenitalia

of the male reproductive system include(s)

A) theejaculatory duct.

B) the urethraand scrotum.

C) the penisand scrotum.

D) thepenis.

E) the penis,urethra, and ejaculatory duct.

72) The releaseof LH in human males signals that

A) inhibin hasinhibited FHS secretion.

B) thehypothalamus has been stimulated to release inhibin.

C) spermproduction must be reduced.

D) the positivefeedback loop that regulates sperm production

is active.

E) blood levels of

testosterone are low

emeraldjellyfish291

QuestionGroup: #21 Gene expression 2

Assigned as

Homework

The direct end result of gene expression is which of the following?

Amino acids

Translation

Proteins

Carbohydrates

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QuestionGroup: #22 Mutation

Assigned as

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Which of the following is the ways in which nucleotide mutations lead to altered proteins?

One nucleotide is substituted by another nucleotide, which can cause an early stop codon to be incorporated into the amino acid sequence resulting in a truncated protein.

One nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide, which can change an amino acid in the protein sequence

Nucleotides are inserted into a nucleotide sequence causing a frameshift in the sequence.

All three choices may cause mutations.

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QuestionGroup: #23 Mutation 2

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Mutations are the result of which of the following?

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different carbohydrates

Change in the normal nucleotide sequence in the DNA directly resulting in different proteins

Change in the order of transfer RNA to messenger RNA so that the transfer RNA take over the role of Messenger RNA

Primarily an alteration in the sequence of nucleotides in the abnormal proteins

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QuestionGroup: #24 Cell division

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There are two major kinds of cell division. Which of the following plays a major role in promoting genetic diversity?

Meiosis since it causes the cells to make more daughter cells than mitosis

Mitosis since it causes the cells to duplicate and eventually have mutations

Meiosis since it causes the DNA sequences to be separated into new patterns in the daughter cells.

Mitosis since it essential for the ovaries in humans to separate and duplicate

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QuestionGroup: #25 Cancer

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Genes that slow down or stop the cell cycle are called...

Apoptotic genes

Oncogenes

Restriction genes

Tumor suppressor genes

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QuestionGroup: #26 Cancer2

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The common theme in the development of all cancers is...

Mutation

Evolution

Infection

Syncopation

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QuestionGroup: #27 Genetics

Assigned as

Homework

Punnett's square is which of the following?

Example of all possible combinations of alleles

Example of all possible combinations of chromosomes

Example of only certain combination of alleles since some will not be expressed.

Example of all possible combinations of DNA

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QuestionGroup: #28 Embryo development

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Which of the following is the end of the cleavage phase?

A fetus

Formation of a blastocyst

Implantation to the lining of the uterus

Fewer number of cells

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QuestionGroup: #29 Development of organ system

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For organs to be differentiated, which of the following is the first step?

Stem cells trigger the development of differentiated cells

Tissues assemble into organ systems such as blood

Tissue specific genes in stem cells are triggered

Differentiated cells form tissues

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QuestionGroup: #30 Development and society

Assigned as

Homework

A pregnant mother ingests a chemical which her mother said would be great for the baby. When the baby was born, it had a large head and flippers for arms. What caused this phenotype?

The chemicals were teratogens which influenced oxidative phosphorylation causing the changes in the phenotype.

The chemicals influenced the expression of different stem cells.

There is no way to assume the chemicals caused the phenotype since we have no data on other mothers who took this medicine. It could have been purely by chance.

The chemicals were teratogens which caused the baby to show early signs of evolution.

BIOL 1F25 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Blood Vessel, Angiogenesis, Cell Migration

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