BIOL 1F25 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Photosynthesis, Protist, Archaea
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26 Sep 2018
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Lecture 2: evolution, classification of different organisms. Living organisms have evolutionary history (from monday lecture: evolution, refers to changes in a population of organisms changes over time, resulting in the formation of new species, natural selection, process by which evolution occurs. Increase rate of reproduction: when organisms reproduce, pass on genetic information (including mutations) to next generations, offspring will express traits of parents. Mutations are caused when copying the daughter cells and can happen in the eggs or sperm cells which are caused by certain chemicals. I(cid:374)di(cid:448)iduals (cid:449)ith (cid:862)ad(cid:448)a(cid:374)tageous(cid:863) ge(cid:374)e (cid:448)a(cid:396)iatio(cid:374)s a(cid:396)e (cid:373)o(cid:396)e likely to su(cid:396)(cid:448)i(cid:448)e & (cid:396)ep(cid:396)odu(cid:272)e tha(cid:374) other individuals. Adaptation: over time, population has more individuals with advantageous variations. If individuals from the 2 populations mate, their offspring are not fertile: eventually two populations emerge ex. ) Gingers: they now represent different species, not all genes are adantageous. Different species are genetically related: closely related: gene sequences are more similar: distantly related: gene sequences are more different.
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Related Questions
Question 1
Evolutionary algorithms are used:
In engineering, to arrive at solutions by going through many permutations of possible solutions and allowing them to evolve. |
A genetic feature of complex organisms. |
A process undergone by the human brain, which is similar to evolution by natural selection. |
Another term used for a computer algorithm in general. |
Question 2
Human literature and languages can be studied using methods similar to those used for constructing phylogenies because:
There is no other way of studying these things. |
Languages evolve roughly along the lines of species, with mutations (changes in words and pronunciation), descent with modification (languages becoming more different along the way), and branching of languages (languages giving rise to other languages that are similar to them). |
Because literature and languages are constructed by organisms (human beings), so what applies to one must apply to the other. |
Languages undergo a process of word swapping, which is analogous to horizontal gene transfer. |
Question 3
The degree to which horizontal gene transfer occurs in eukaryotes is:
Something upon which the entire validity of evolutionary biology hinges. |
A mystery that may or may not disprove evolution, but we simply don't know enough about it at this point. |
Something that would overthrow the notion that this phenomenon is important in bacteria. |
An interesting and potentially important aspect of biology with relevance for how evolution occurs, but not something that would call it into question one way or the other. |
Question 4
Learning about the history of scientific theories and the reasons for why they are initially accepted or rejected is important mostly because:
It makes for exciting story telling, and this is very much needed to get people interested in science. |
It teaches us about the process of science as it actually occurs, which is somewhat different to the idealized notion of a purely objective undertaking. |
It tells us which theories are definitely true or false. |
It tells us that science is actually a totally subjective process that tries to present itself as objective. In reality, personal subjective factors are the only relevant factors that really matter in science. |