PSYC 3P32 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Tawny Frogmouth, Fiddler Crab, Bolas Spider
Document Summary
Deception in the wild: deception by appearances, deception by actions. Deception involves acting in such a way which leads another person to believe something, that you, yourself, do not believe to be true (miller & stiff, 1993). Langer (1972): intentional deception does not occur in the animal kingdom. Robert mitchell"s (cid:523)1(cid:891)(cid:890)6(cid:524) typology of 4 levels of deception: Like plants and butterflies; can"t change when they are/ aren"t deceptive. Producing an involuntary response to a stimulus (birds can fake an injury; correct stimulus must be there for an involuntary response: learned deception. When dog fakes injured leg because it evokes sympathetic response from owner; classical conditioning: planned deception. Chimpanzee was informed about the location of hidden food, but couldn"t access the food: friendly and cooperative human, hostile and competitive human. Subjects: 4 chimpanzees (1 male, 3 females) Frequency of deception should be constrained by the costs associated with deception. Withholding information can lead to substantial fitness gains.
