BIOL 1902 Lecture : Wk 9.doc

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taupezebra881

29 Mar 2012

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Predation drawbacks: tough life - starvation success rate often only 10, injury - prey fights back with hooves claws, teeth. Accidents during chase hit trees, buildings, windows: poisons in system - top of food web, accumulate toxins in food chain. 4) human persecution coyotes, wolves, foxes, bears little protection. 1) may help keep prey numbers lower - 2) important selection pressure - opportunistically select weak, ill, deformed. Predation is different than human hunting: hunting does not discriminate between. Healthy and unhealthy, good genes and bad genes. Some animals eat their prey from inside it. In both cases, the animal eaten is called the host. Types of parasitoids: ones that usually lay eggs on living host: Wasps: ichneumons, braconids: ones that stash their eggs with paralyzed prey: Parasitoids locate appropriate hosts by: visual searching by flesh flies, spider wasps. Complex behaviours: careful selection - caterpillar too large or small is problem.

Related Questions

21- Define carrying capacity and understand how it can affectpopulation size.

22- Compare and contrast density-dependent and densityindependent factors that affect population growth.

23- Compare and contrast opportunistic and equilibrium lifehistory adaptations.

24- Explain the interactions in communities and ecosystems.

25- Compare and contrast competition, mutualism, commensalism,parasitism, herbivory, and predation.

26- Describe competitive exclusion.

27- Explain how species interactions can lead tocoevolution.

28- Describe and give examples of the importance of keystonespecies.

29- Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession.

30- Explain the roles of producers, consumers and decomposers inan ecosystem.

pearfrog910

Part 1 of 3

Kaibab I (20 points)

On the north rim of the Grand Canyon, an area called the Kaibab plateau, there is a conifer forest called the Kaibab forest. The forest's trees include pine, fir and spruce. Shrubbery includes a variety of willows, raspberries, etc. A hundred years ago, this forest was a stable ecosystem, housing, among other species, a population of about four thousand mule deer.

These deer were hunted by local Native Americans, who used them for food and other materials. They were also hunted by predators like pumas, wolves and coyotes.

In 1906, the US made this region into a National Game Preserve. With the intent of protecting the deer, hunting was forbidden. Bounties were paid for killing the pumas, wolves and other large animals that preyed on the deer. By 1925, more than 6000 predators had been killed, virtually wiping out the ecosystem's large predators.

For the first part of your project, consider the description above. Predict what you think will happen to this ecosystem, and explain why. Try to think about the impact on the whole ecosystem, not just the deer. Enter a brief account of your predictions in the text submission box below and submit it for grading.

NOTE: This first part of this Exam Project requires thought and reasoning; you are not expected to do a lot of research. That will come in Part 2. Here, I want to see the result of your reasoning, not your research.

This assignment would be best submitted via the text response box, though preparing and attaching a document is also fine.

QUESTION 1

These include simultaneous consideration of tolerance ranges for all conditions, resource requirements (of all biotic and abiotic resources), and habitat preferences.

Fundamental ecological niches

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

. Realized ecological niches

Competition coefficients

Competitive exclusion

Coexistence

Isoclines

Stable equilibria

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 2

Interspecific competition has this outcome when the effects of intraspecific competition outweigh the effects of interspecific competition.

Fundamental ecological niches

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

Realized ecological niches

Competition coefficients

Competitive exclusion

Coexistence

Isoclines

Stable equilibria

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 3

The range of places that species could occupy based on suitability; a hypothetical location and ecological/trophic role in the absence of ecological interactions such as competition.

Fundamental ecological niches

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

Realized ecological niches

Competition coefficients

Competitive exclusion

Coexistence

Isoclines

Stable equilibria

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 4

Graphs of the Lotka-Volterra interspecific competition model illustrate coexistence of two species with one of these features.

Fundamental ecological niches

Hutchinsonian ecological niches

. Realized ecological niches

Competition coefficients

Competitive exclusion

Coexistence

. Isoclines

. Stable equilibria

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 5

When a particular species always outcompetes a second species in the Lotka-Volterra model of interspecific competition, these features will never intersect.

Fundamental ecological niches

Hutchinsonian ecological niche

Realized ecological niches

Competition coefficients

Competitive exclusion

Coexistence

Isoclines

Stable equilibria

Unstable equilibria

QUESTION 6

When prey/foods increase in abundance, the predator population increases through reproduction and/or immigration.

Amensilism

Commensilism

Functional response

Mutualism

Numerical response

Parasite

Parasitoid

True predator

This is not an answer- don't choose it!

QUESTION 7

Endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, gut âmicrofloraâ and lichens are examples of this type of ecological interaction.

Amensilism

Commensilism

Functional response

Mutualism

Numerical response

Parasite

Parasitoid

True predator

QUESTION 8

Prey switching, prey mechanisms to avoid predation (via increased group size), and formation of search images generate variations of this phenomenon.

Amensilism

Commensilism

Functional response

Mutualism

Numerical response

Parasite

Parasitoid

True predator

QUESTION 9

Generally do not kill their prey, and consume only one (or perhaps a few) individual prey during a particular developmental phase or lifetime.

Amensilism

Commensilism

. Functional response

Mutualism

Numerical response

Parasite

Parasitoid

True predator

QUESTION 10

Extremely asymmetric competition and âaccidentsâ can result in this ecological interaction.

Amensilism

. Commensilism

Functional response

Mutualism

Numerical response

Parasite

Parasitoid

True predator

BIOL 1902 Lecture : Wk 9.doc

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