Item 1 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version (written in 2002) The technological tools available today for creating computer-based learning materials are incredibly more powerful than those introduced just a few years ago. We can make our own movies with camcorders in our homes; we can publish our own books. Soon teachers and students will be able to use computer-video technology to produce their own learning materials. All it takes is time, know-how, and some funds. References: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Computers are so powerful that K-12 educators and students are now able to produce their own multimedia and Web-based learning materials. They just need to take the time required to learn to use the authoring tools and related technologies such as digital cameras and camcorders. References: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 2 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version The philosophical position known as constructivism views knowledge as a human construction. The various perspectives within constructivism are based on the premise that knowledge is not part of an objective, external reality that is separate from the individual. Instead, human knowledge, whether the bodies of content in public disciplines (such as mathematics or sociology) or knowledge of the individual learner, is a human construction. References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall. The philosophical position known as constructivism views knowledge as a human construction. The various perspectives within constructivism are based on the premise that knowledge is not part of an objective, external reality that is separate from the individual. Instead, human knowledge is a human construction. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 3 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version Educational researchers, policymakers, and practitioners agree that educational research is often divorced from the problems and issues of everyday practice--a split that creates a need for new research approaches that speak directly to problems of practice (National Research Council [NRC], 2002) and that lead to the development of "usable knowledge" (Lagemann, 2002). Design-based research (Brown, 1992; Collins, 1992) is an emerging paradigm for the study of learning in context through the systematic design and study of instructional strategies and tools. We argue that design-based research can help create and extend knowledge about developing, enacting, and sustaining innovative learning environments. References: DBRC (Design-Based Research Collective). (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5-8. A decade later, researchers interested in studying learning in naturalistic settings (inspired by Brown's approach) began a concerted effort to define the standards and argue the legitimacy of this type of research through design. For example, the Design-Based Research Collective defined design-based research (DBR) as "an emerging paradigm for the study of learning in context, through the systematic design and study of instructional strategies and tools" (DBRC, 2003, p. 5). References: DBRC (Design-Based Research Collective). (2003). Design-based research: An emerging paradigm for educational inquiry. Educational Researcher, 32(1), 5-8. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 4 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version There is a design methodology called rapid prototyping, which has been used successfully in software engineering. Given similarities between software design and instructional design, we argue that rapid prototyping is a viable method for instructional design, especially for computer-based instruction. References: Tripp, S. D., & Bichelmeyer, B. A. (1990). Rapid prototyping: An alternative instructional design strategy. Educational Technology Research and Development, 38(1), 31-44. Rapid prototyping could be an advantageous methodology for developing innovative computer-based instruction. Software engineers have been successful in designing applications by using rapid prototyping. So it also could be an efficient way to do instructional design. References: Tripp, S. D., & Bichelmeyer, B. A. (1990). Rapid prototyping: An alternative instructional design strategy. Educational Technology Research and Development, 38(1), 31-44. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 5 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version The goal of instruction for the behaviorist is to elicit the desired response from the learner who is presented with a target stimulus. To accomplish this, the learner must know how to execute the proper response, as well as the conditions under which that response should be made. Therefore, instruction is structured around the presentation of the target stimulus and the provision of opportunities for the learner to practice making the proper response. References: Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), 50-71. According to behaviorism, instruction should provide necessary stimulus in order for learners to produce desired response. It is important that the learner must know how to execute the proper response under the required conditions in order to produce the desired response (Ertmer & Newby, 1993). Instruction should provide learner with opportunities that the learner practice to elicit the desired outcome. References: Ertmer, P. A., & Newby, T. J. (1993). Behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism: Comparing critical features from an instructional design perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(4), 50-71. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 6 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version A teacher is one who guides or leads. To guide does not necessarily mean to instruct directly. We often think of teaching as direct instruction (presenting information, asking questions, giving feedback, demonstrating some procedure, evaluating student progress, and so on). But a teacher can guide without instructing directly. A good example is the Montessori system of education. In a Montessori school, most of what a child learns is through interacting with a variety of curriculum materials in a particular context. A Montessori teacher does much less direct instruction than do teachers in traditional schools. References: Frick, T. (1991). Restructuring education through technology. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Teachers should be guides or leaders. In the role of a guide, a teacher does less presenting of information, demonstrating and providing feedback. For example, in a Montessori school, most student learning occurs through interaction with a variety of class materials, rather than interaction with a teacher. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 7 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version The philosophical position known as constructivism views knowledge as a human construction. The various perspectives within constructivism are based on the premise that knowledge is not part of an objective, external reality that is separate from the individual. Instead, human knowledge, whether the bodies of content in public disciplines (such as mathematics or sociology) or knowledge of the individual learner, is a human construction. References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Does knowledge exist outside of, or separate from, the individual who knows? Constructivists argue that human knowledge, such as what is known in the fields of mathematics or sociology, as well as knowledge about learning itself, is a human construction (Gredler, 2001). References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 8 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version There is a desperate need for theorists and researchers to generate and refine a new breed of learning-focused instructional design theories that help educators and trainers to meet those needs, (i.e., that focus on learning and that foster development of initiative, teamwork, thinking skills, and diversity). The health of instructional-design theory also depends on its ability to involve stakeholders in the design process. References: Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional design theory and how is it changing? In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models volume II: A new paradigm of instructional theory. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. We need theorists and researchers to generate and refine learning-focused instructional design theories. Such theories will help educators and trainers to meet needs that focus on learning and that foster development of initiative, teamwork, thinking skills, and diversity. Instructional-design theory must involve stakeholders in the design process. References: Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional design theory and how is it changing? In C. M. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional-design theories and models volume II: A new paradigm of instructional theory. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 9 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version Learning is a complex set of processes that may vary according to the developmental level of the learner, the nature of the task, and the context in which the learning is to occur. As already indicated, no one theory can capture all the variables involved in learning. References: Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction: Theory into practice (4th Ed.). Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice-Hall. A learning theory, there, comprises a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with what is thought to bring about those changes. References: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. A learning theory is made up of a set of constructs linking observed changes in performance with whatever is thought to bring about those changes. Therefore since "learning is a complex set of processes that may vary according to the developmental level of the learner, the nature of the task, and the context in which the learning is to occur," it is apparent that no one theory can capture all the variables involved in learning (Driscoll, 2000, p.10). References: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd Ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints Item 10 In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button. Original Source Material Student Version It is helpful to think in terms of two basic kinds of change: piecemeal and systemic. Piecemeal change leaves the structure of a system unchanged. It often involves finding better ways to meet the same needs, such as using an analogy to help your students learn the science concepts you taught in an otherwise similar manner last year. In contrast, systemic change entails modifying the structure of a system, usually in response to new needs. References: Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). What is instructional-design theory and how is it changing? Instructional-design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory (Vol. 2, pp. 5-29). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Reiguleth (1999) mentions two different kinds of change: Piecemeal and Systemic change. Systemic change entails modifying the structure of a system, in order to meet new needs. In contrast, piecemeal change leaves the structure of a system unchanged. For example, new innovations instead of traditional methods could be used to engage students in learning. Which of the following is true for the Student Version above? Word-for-Word plagiarism Paraphrasing plagiarism This is not plagiarism Hints
