PHIL 2301 Lecture : PHIL 2301 - Lecture #4.docx

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greybutterfly183

9 Jun 2014

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Example: there are two types of caps in the city: green and blue. There was a crime committed in one of the cabs and a witness stated that the cap was blue. How often is the witness correct: 75, >75, <75% d) What the probability represents here is: degree of belief (is it true or false) Pr(c|w) -> this is the probably that the cab was green given that it is was blue. Pr(w|c) -> what is the probability that the cab was blue given that it was green.

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This print-out should have 15 questions. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page - find all choices before answering. Two vectors A and B lie in the xy plane and are given by A = Ax i + Ay j B = Bx i + By j, where Ax = 3.58 m, Ay = 2.85 m, Bx = 7.09 m, By = -6.36 m. Find the magnitude of R = A + B. Answer in units of m Find the angle theta (between -180 degree and + 180 degree with counterclockwise positive) that the vector R makes from the positive x axis. Answer in units of degree When the Sun is directly overhead, a hawk dives toward the ground at a speed of 7.23 m/s. If the direction of his motion is at an angle of 39.8 below the horizontal, calculate the speed of his shadow along the ground. Answer in units of m/s Vector A has a magnitude of 10 and points in the positive x-direction, Vector B has a magnitude of 17 and makes an angle of 32 degree with the positive x-axis. What is the magnitude of A - B? An airplane starting from airport A (lies 342 km east, then 531 km at 62.2 degree west of north, and then 778 km north to arrive finally at airport B. The next day, another plane flies directly from A to B in a straight line. In what direction should the pilot trawl in this direct flight? Use counterclockwise its the positive angular direction from due east, between the limits of - 180 degree ami 180 degree . Assume there is no wind during these flights. Answer in units of degree How far will the pilot travel in this direct flight? Answer in units of km A projectile is fired straight upward at 126 m/s. How fast is it moving at the instant it reaches the top of its trajectory? Answer in units of m/s How fast is it moving at the instant it reaches the top of its trajectory if the projectile is fired upward at 12 degree from the horizontal? Answer in units of m/s At one instant the velocity of a particle is and a very short time later its velocity has changed to . Qualitatively, what was the direction of the particle's acceleration during the interval between the first and second instance?

3. 3 Stratosphere-troposphere exchange

The rate of exchange of air between the troposphere and thestratosphere is critical for determining the potential of variouspollutants emitted from the surface to reach the stratosphere andaffect the stratospheric ozone layer. One of the first estimates ofthis rate was made in the 1960s using measurements of strontium-90(90Sr) in the stratosphere. Strontium-90 is a radioactive isotope(half-life 28 years) produced in nuclear explosions. It has nonatural sources. Large amounts of 90Sr were injected into thestratosphere in the 1950s by above-ground nuclear tests. Thesetests were banned by international treaty in 1962. Following thetest ban the stratospheric concentrations of 90Sr began to decreaseas 90Sr was transferred to the troposphere. In the troposphere,90Sr is removed by wet deposition with a lifetime of 10 days (bycontrast there is no rain, and hence no wet deposition, in thestratosphere). An intensive stratospheric measurement network wasoperated in the 1960s to monitor the decay of 90Sr in thestratosphere. We interpret these observations here using a 2-boxmodel for stratosphere-troposphere exchange with transfer rateconstants kTS and kST (yr-1) between the tropospheric andstratospheric reservoirs. The reservoirs are assumed to beindividually well-mixed.

Let mS and mT represent the masses of 90Sr in the stratosphere andin the troposphere respectively. Observations of the decrease inthe stratospheric inventory for the period 1963-1967 can be fittedto an exponential mS(t) = mS(0)exp(-kt) where k = 0.77 yr-1.

1. Write mass balance equations for mS and mT in the 1963-1967period.

2. Assuming that transfer of 90Sr from the troposphere to thestratosphere is negligible (we will verify this assumption later),show that the residence time of air in the stratosphere is tS =1/kST = 1.3 years.

3. Let m'T and m'S represent the total masses of air in thetroposphere and the stratosphere, respectively. Show that theresidence time of air in the troposphere is tT = tS (m'T/m'S) = 7.4years. Conclude as to the validity of your assumption in question2.

4. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) have been adopted asreplacement products for the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which werebanned by the Montreal protocol because of their harmful effect onthe ozone layer. In contrast to the CFCs, the HCFCs can be oxidizedin the troposphere, and the oxidation products washed out byprecipitation, so that most of the HCFCs do not penetrate into thestratosphere to destroy ozone. Two common HCFCs have trade namesHCFC-123 and HCFC-124; their lifetimes against oxidation in thetroposphere are 1.4 years and 5.9 years, respectively. There are noother sinks for these species in the troposphere. Using our 2-boxmodel, determine what fractions of the emitted HCFC-123 andHCFC-124 penetrate the stratosphere.

Hi everyone,
I'm International Students and I have difficault to understand someproblems in physics. I want to do extra work to be ready forMidtearm.
Please if there is any one can help me by showing me how to solveit.
and if u can show me the steps because I will use it asnotes.

1-What are the metric prefixes for ten and tenth?

2-If you multiplied 7774 m by 36 m, how many significant figuresshould you report in your answer?

3-A ball is dropped:
What is its initial speed?
What is the magnitude of its initial acceleration?

4-A jogger jogs two blocks directly north.
(a) How do the jogger's average speed and the magnitude of theaverage velocity compare?
average speed ( ) magnitude of average velocity
(b) If the jogger's return trip follows the same path, how doaverage speed and magnitude of the average velocity compare for thetotal trip?
average speed ( ) magnitude of average velocity

5-A child's cubic play block has a mass of 115 g and sides of 5.2cm. When placed in a bath tub full of water, will the cube sink orfloat?
(sink) or (float)

6-A ball with a radius of 8 cm and a mass of 550 g is thrown into alake. Will the ball sink or float?
(sink) or (float)

7-Persons A and B do the same job, but B takes longer
Who does the greater amount of work?
person A, person B, Or all the same
Who is more "powerful"?
Person A or Person B

8- Which two renewable energy sources depend on the weather?(Select all that apply.)
geothermal
biomass
tidal
solar
wind

9- The two common liquids used in liquid-in-glass thermometers arealcohol (ethanol) and mercury, which have melting points andboiling points of -114Â°C, 79Â°C and -39Â°C, 357Â°C,respectively.
Which one of these thermometers would be better for low temperaturemeasurements?
(alcohol or mercury)
Which one of these thermometers would be better for hightemperature measurements?
(alcohol or mercury)

10-What determines the phase of a substance? (Select all thatapply.)
humidity
temperature
amount of the substance
pressure

11-What is the difference between a longitudinal wave and atransverse wave?

Longitudinal wave: particle displacement is (---) parallelperpendicular to wave velocity.
Transverse wave: particle displacement is ( ------) perpendicularparallel to wave velocity.

Give an example of a longitudinal wave.
(sound wave in air OR
light wave)
Give an example of a transverse wave.
(sound wave in air Or
light wave)

12-Which end (blue or red) of the visible spectrum has the shorterwavelength?
Which has the lower frequency?

13- How long does the image of a 18-in ruler appear in a planemirror?
Does this depend on the distance the ruler is from themirror?
(Yes OR
No)

14-What optical phenomenon causes soap bubbles and oil slicks toshow colorful displays?

15- Which two particles that make up atoms have about the samemass? (Select all that apply.)
protons
electrons
neutrons

16- Which two have the same magnitude of electric charge? (Selectall that apply.)
neutrons
electrons
protons

17- Name one phenomenon that can only be explained by light havinga wave nature.
polarization
photoelectric effect
acceleration
displacement

18- How are frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic waverelated?
higher the frequency, longer the wavelength
higher the frequency, shorter the wavelength
the frequency and wavelength are not direclty related

19- What other name is often used to refer to the electron cloudmodel of the atom?
plum pudding model
billiard ball model
quantum model
nuclear model
planetary model

20- What are the names of the elements with the followingsymbols?
(a) Ne
(b) Li
(c) He

21- After 4 half-lives have gone by, what fraction of a sample of aradioactive isotope remains? (Write your answer in fractionform.)

22- What are the most common names for these compounds andions?
(a) N2O
(b) HCl
(c) C2H3O2 ?
(d) PO43-

23- What is the formula for the common household compound known astable salt? (Type your answer using the format CO2 for CO2.)

24- What element has the lowest electronegativity?
What element has the second highest electronegativity?

Give the Stock system name for the following.
(a) Cr(OH)2
(b) CuCl2
(c) AuBr3

PHIL 2301 Lecture : PHIL 2301 - Lecture #4.docx

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