BIOL 261 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Punnett Square

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17 Sep 2016

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Mendelian genetic analysis chapters 2 and 3. A genetic cross is the mating between two individuals. To analyze the mating, or cross, we observe the frequency of different phenotypes among their offspring. An individual"s phenotype is its appearance: a cross that involves a single gene with two alleles. The two alleles of a gene pair segregate from each other into separate gametes (separate eggs in a female and separate sperm in a male, or pollen, in a plant). During fertilization, the pairs of gametes fuse at random. All possible combinations of fertilization have an equal chance of occurring. If we know the genotypes of the parents we can predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring. If we know the phenotypic ratio of the offspring, we can often decipher the genotypes of the parents. These ratios describe the nature of inheritance for a trait controlled by a single gene.

Related Questions

2 Genetics -Match the terms with the most suitable description.
(Points : 16)

: An allele that can be expressed byan individual that is heterozygous.

: The genetic make-up of anindividual.

: The control of more than onephenotypic character by a single gene.

: The visible physical expression ofan individual's genetic make-up.

: An allele that can only beexpressed when an individual is homozygous.

: A trait controlled by more thanjust a single pair of alleles.

: A trait controlled by a genelocated on either the X or Y chromosomes.

: An individual carrying only oneallele of a recessively inherited disorder.

3. Evolution- Match the terms with the most suitable description.
(Points : 16)

Potential Matches:

1 : hybrid sterility

2 : habitat isolation

3 : hybrid inviability

4 : geographic isolation

5 : mechanical isolation

6 : gamete mortality

7 : temporal isolation

8 : behavioral isolation

Answer

: Because of a single mutation in adevelopmental gene, two closely related species of wasps have aslightly different anatomy of their sex organs making interbreedingimpossible.

: Two species of snakes aremorphologically very similar but breed during differentseasons.

: Males of two species of birds usedifferent mating dances to attract their mates.

: Due to a geographic barrier, asmall portion of a population remains isolated and its gene pooldiverges from that of the original population.

: Sperm from a male of one speciesdies in the reproductive tract of the female of a different speciesbefore fertilization can occur

: Mules are a cross between a donkeyand a horse; they are viable, healthy animals, but they cannotreproduce.

: A cross between two species ofsalamanders yields offspring, but they do not survive long enoughto reproduce

periwinkledeer332

1. Biomes - Match the biome with itsdescription.

Potential Matches:

1 : Coniferous forest

2 : Temperate forest

3 : Tundra

4 : Tropical rainforest

: Caribou, musk ox and lemmingsare common, along with permafrost, mosses and lichens.

: May be hot or cold, but alwaysvery dry.

: Long snowy winters and shortsummers allow for cone-bearing evergreen trees to flourish.

: Spectacular displays of colorin the fall occur before deciduous trees drop their leaves.

: Plentiful rainfall and warmyear round temperatures produce a habitat home to the greatestdiversity of plants and animals.

: Mostly treeless expanse knownfor large herds of grazing mammals.

: Home to migrating waterfowl,this type of biome is important in reducing flooding and improvingwater quality.

: Transition area between a riverand an ocean with salinity ranging from nearly that of freshwaterto that of the oceans.

2 Genetics - Match the terms with the mostsuitable description.
(Points : 16)

: An allele that can be expressedby an individual that is heterozygous.

: The genetic make-up of anindividual.

: The control of more than onephenotypic character by a single gene.

: The visible physical expressionof an individual's genetic make-up.

: An allele that can only beexpressed when an individual is homozygous.

: A trait controlled by more thanjust a single pair of alleles.

: A trait controlled by a genelocated on either the X or Y chromosomes.

: An individual carrying only oneallele of a recessively inherited disorder.

3. Evolution - Match the terms with the mostsuitable description.
(Points : 16)

Potential Matches:

1 : hybrid sterility

2 : habitat isolation

3 : hybrid inviability

4 : geographic isolation

5 : mechanical isolation

6 : gamete mortality

7 : temporal isolation

8 : behavioral isolation

Answer

: Because of a single mutation ina developmental gene, two closely related species of wasps have aslightly different anatomy of their sex organs making interbreedingimpossible.

: Two species of snakes aremorphologically very similar but breed during differentseasons.

: Males of two species of birdsuse different mating dances to attract their mates.

: Due to a geographic barrier, asmall portion of a population remains isolated and its gene pooldiverges from that of the original population.

: Sperm from a male of onespecies dies in the reproductive tract of the female of a differentspecies before fertilization can occur

: Mules are a cross between adonkey and a horse; they are viable, healthy animals, but theycannot reproduce.

: A cross between two species ofsalamanders yields offspring, but they do not survive long enoughto reproduce

orchidserval30

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL 261 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Punnett Square

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