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EXCI 202 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Sagittal Plane, Shoulder Girdle, Sesamoid Bone

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rosefrog880
9 Feb 2017
School
Concordia University
Department
Exercise Sci.
Course
EXCI 202
Professor
Brian Morin

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Document Summary

Introduction to the human body: form and function. Anatomy vs. physiology (human: anatomy, location, appearance, and relationship of body parts, systemic anatomy: Structural levels of organization: levels, chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, systems, integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive. Lecture 1: introduction to the human body: form and function: composed of 11 major parts that are located within the axial and appendicular portions of the body: Major divisions of the human body: the human body can be divided into two major sections, the axial body: The axial body is the central core axis of the body and contains the following body parts: The appendicular body is made up of appendages that are added onto the axial body: Sometimes considered a transitional body part, but we consider it an appendicular body part: thigh, leg, foot.

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Related Questions

2260 A&P 1 Lecture - Unit 1

Beware! ANYTHING within the assigned readings or discussed in lecture is fair game whether it is part of this list or not!!

What is the study of Anatomy? Provide an example of an anatomical study.

What is the study of Physiology? Provide an example of a physiological study.

List the characteristics of living things and briefly discuss them.

List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Provide a specific example for each level.

Compare/Contrast sections and planes.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the anatomical position?

Practice placing a section through a location in the body and then determine what structures would be made visible by that section in that location. For example if a coronal (frontal) section were made in the thoracic region (would be able to see both lungs, the heart, depending on the exact location of the cut, maybe the esophagus and /or the trachea)

Practice the directional terms using them to describe the locational relationship between two body regions (use the technical terms for those body regions, (i.e. if the original post used __ is superior to blank, the opposite would be ___ is inferior to __).

Distinguish between the nine abdominal regions and four quadrants and indicate what major organ(s) would be found deep to that region or quadrant.

Why is it important to study the language of anatomy and physiology if one is going into the medical field?

Define homeostasis. What thing (or things) in our body maintains homeostasis? And what regulates those "things"?

What is the likely result if homeostasis is not maintained?

13. What are the components of feedback mechanisms? What is the function of each component?

14. Discuss negative feedback mechanisms. Give a specific example of one.

Discuss positive feedback mechanisms. Give a specific example of one.

Discuss the levels of organization, list the various levels and provide a specific example of each level.

What is matter?

What are elements? What are the four most common elements of the human body?

Distinguish between atoms, and molecules. Provide an example of each.

What information is provided by the molecular formula? For example what can be said of the formula C6H12O6, the molecular formula for glucose?

Briefly distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. Recall that MY preferred defining quality differs from what the text says!

Consider/review the important inorganic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their importance in the human body.

Distinguish between acids and bases. Which of these will have relatively more free H+ ions?

What is the pH range of an acid? Of a base? What would be the pH value of a solution where the number of H+ ions = OH- ions?

What are the states of acidosis and alkalosis with reference to blood pH values?

Consider/review the important organic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their general importance in the human body.

Distinguish between solvent and solute.

Discuss the term osmolarity.

Consider/review the four types of lipids and discuss their individual function in the human body. Lipids are not composed of monomers but they do have “building blocks”, what are these building blocks?

What are the "building blocks" or monomers (looking for a group or class name) of a carbohydrate polymer? Name the five (5) types of carbohydrate monomers.

When two of these carbohydrate monomers are bonded together what "class" of carbohydrate is formed? What are the types of this "class"? What is the source (food) for each of these?

When three or more of these monomers are bonded together they form which "class" of carbohydrate? Which one of these stores excess carbs in animals (mainly in the liver)? Which one stores excess carbs in plants? And which one is indigestible by the human gut, but is important because it provides "bulk" in the form of fiber and helps keep fecal matter moving in the intestines?

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Briefly describe deoxyribonucleic acid including its general function.

Briefly describe ribonucleic acid including its general function.

What are the monomers of proteins? What kind of bond holds the monomers together?

Distinguish between oligopeptides and polypeptides.

Choose TWO general functions of proteins based on the globular vs fibrous classification of proteins, the class of protein that performs that function and a specific example for each.

What events or environments denature a protein? What has happened if a protein is denatured? What happens to its function if it is denatured?

What class of organic molecules are enzymes and what do they do in the body? How do they do their function? In other words, what is their mechanism of action/what do they change to do their job?

What are enzyme co-factors and what is their role in enzyme action?

How are enzymes regulated?

The human body is truly remarkable and is designed tofunction effectively. Organs are important structures composed ofdifferent tissues that facilitate specific functions within thebody. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structuresknown as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizationalunits that are responsible for crucial processes necessary forsustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limitedto the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, themusculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system,the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systemsdo not function alone. These systems work together, interactingwith other organs in a functional network that keeps the body inbalance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis orthe normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease maydevelop causing injury to the body, or even death. In thisassignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associateddiseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following casestudies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organmalfunction. Select onestudy to investigate further for yourassignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided andcorrelate it with the organ systems that are affected in thescenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer theassignment questions that follow the case study. For assistancewith your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Webresources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis isnarrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty depositson the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals werepreparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicagocubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old DarrylKile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found stillin his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New YorkTimes, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was relatedto three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a resultof atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately causedhim to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

  1. Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack?Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
  2. How are arteries different from veins andcapillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries andveins.
  3. Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closedcirculatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closedcirculatory system over an open circulatory system?
  4. Briefly explain how the lymphatic system isassociated with the circulatory system?
  5. Describe one disease that affects the lymphaticvessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects thearteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remainsthe leading preventable cause of death in the United States,causing an estimated 438,000 deaths - or about 1 out of every 5 -each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking forthe past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit reveals thatMr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms ofnagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weightloss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctorinformed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several yearsago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancerlater in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lungcancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

  1. What main components in cigarettes affect therespiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cellsand/or processes in the respiratory system.
  2. There are alternate mechanisms of transportingcarbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain howsmoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in theblood.
  3. Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body?Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
  4. How can you correlate cellular respiration with therespiratory system?
  5. Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk forlung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidencefor your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormallylarge growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormonesecreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed anormal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robertreached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton,1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more thandouble the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from hisweight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reachingsix feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight yearsold. Robert's unique size was attributed to an over activepituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels ofgrowth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

  1. How does growth hormone regulate various bodyfunctions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion ofgrowth hormone?
  2. Discuss the relationship between growth hormone andinsulin, and are there complications associated with theirinteraction?
  3. Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treatthan dwarfism?
  4. Give examples of two other hormones secreted by thepituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect otherorgan systems of the body?
  5. Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use ofanabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How areanabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explainyour answer.

References

Hamilton, S. (1993). Looking backand up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Alton,IL: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Tobacco statistics snapshot. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

The New York Times. (2002, July 17). Baseball: Coroner verifies the cause of Kile's death asnatural. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

Question #08: Basic physiology of the Reproductive System The question for this week is as follows: From a conceptual view of nerve cell connectivity and function describe a mechanism that would allow for a hypothalamic network of GnRH (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) to synchronize both its tonic (or basal pulsatile gonadotropin release) and its phasic (or preovulatory surge like release of gonadotropin) operation, as it is observed during the estrous or menstrual reproductive cycles. Consider how the pulsatile output of such hypothalamic network might affect gonadotropin release during puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Your answer must follow the outline shown in the introduction (sub-questions a, b, c, d, see above). Please notice that in this question the structure is defined as the GnRH neuronal network (or two GnRH sub-networks e.g. tonic vs. phasic) and you should define a specific function common to puberty, reproductive adulthood and menopause (aging). Hint: think on “the circle”.

The four sub-questions to be used in answering most recitation questions are:

a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed.

b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true.

c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”.

d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.