PHIL 220 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: If And Only If, Walter Pitts, Empiricism
10 Nov 2017
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Lesson 14: The Raven Paradox
Philosophical Issues of Science:
1. Moral
2. Epistemic
3. Metaphysical
Epistemic:
1. Is that viable for half epistemic norms according to stand extra goal yet fair than others?
2. Rules of inductive good judgment are certain type regarding epistemic norm.
Rules on Inductive Logic:
1. Make up special SILs:
We want to comprehend as epistemic value is excellent by life as objective as like possible.
Inductive Empiricism states
1. Rules over reason may lie largely objective.
2. Logic yet Observational evidence is every so
much is wanted into discipline to fairly justify faith between a tested hypothesis:
Ol want O&L because J.
More General and More Specific Problems along Only O&L
1. More general:
Claiming anybody SIL is objectively higher than any others.
E: Hue’s hassle on rank suggests that no SIL do stand well justified.
2. More specific:
Particular SILs about characteristic reasoning.
E: Rae Parado.
How LE Tried in conformity with Respond in conformity with Hue’s Prole:
1. By changing the subject:
Set aside the extra normal problem or focus regarding more particular ones.
Rational Belief vs. Rational Action
1. Hume says we under no circumstances rationally consider our
predictions, however practice as like even thoughwe can:
E: We a’t trust some SIL textbook is better than some other because we
a’t say anything respecting the future. However, we need to still publish (action) a
textbook or e’ll free our job.
Proceed AS IF Two Things Help Determine which SIL is Best:
1. Historical Tests:
Look at our near successful past scientific
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arguments then see as regulations regarding argument she used.
2. Intuitive Tests:
Uncover not noted implications on duelling rules, until intuition be able without
problems inform which about thisimplications are acceptable yet which are not.
Proceeding As If:
1. We are pretending we perform determine who intention keep best.
2. We may remain helpful respecting now not animal in a position in accordance
with remedy Hue’s Prole, butwe be able employ it apart in kilter according
to functionate mean things.
. It’s like faux play:
Ex: We recognize e are’t superheroes, but we employ that reality apart in accordance
with shed pretend.
4. Hume realizes so
much some times we function after employ his problem apart yet faux it’s no
longer there (as lengthy as much e’re now not harassed in regard to where e’re doig.
Walter Pitts:
. “a Hue’s problem as devastating yet saw no shining mild between it.
LE then vile Inductive Empiricists:
1.
Opted because the more optimistic choices proeedig as if then chronic the twins types of
tests (Historical then Intuitive tests) in accordance
with determine who precise policies of inductive reason we have to actively use.
Problems with Hadlig Hue’s Prole:
1. When
LE modified the difficulty beyond more basic to greater specific, he met modern sets concernin
g problems:
Problems because their unique proposals.
Theory over Inductive Support/Evidence/Confirm yet Rae’s Parado
Understanding Formal Theories concerning Support/Evidence/Confirmation:
1. Following terms are equal:
“upports = is evidence for = ofirs ≠ proof and guaratee
2. Formal Theories are in relation to then observations help partial speculation (i.e.
GENERALIZATIONS):
Ex: Any remark O inductively supports hypothesis H iff…
3. Formal Theories are done above on Principles regarding Confirmation.
Principles on Confirmation:
1. First Confirmation Principle:
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