PSYC 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 3: Twin, Prenatal Development, Teratology
14 Jun 2018
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January 22, 2018 PSYC 200 Chapter 3: Human Development
Heredity & Genes
• Developmental Psychology: The study of progressive changes in behaviour and abilities
w/in children
• Heredity nature: The transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from
parents to offspring thru genes.
o Ex) Twins – same genetic material & environment
▪ Fraternal twins – 50% same genetic material but diff environments
Temperament
• Temperament: The physical core of personality hat leads to oes pesoality),
including emotional and perceptual sensitivity, energy levels, typical mood, etc.
o Easy Children:
▪ 40 %; relaxed and agreeable
o Difficult Children:
▪ 10 %; moody, intense, easily angered
o Slow-to-Warm-Up Children:
▪ 15 %; restrained, unexpressive, shy
o Remaining Children:
▪ Do not fit into any specific category
Environment
• Environment nurture
o The sum of all external conditions affecting development, especially the effects
of learning.
o Exposed earlier = greater impact
• Sensitive Period:
o During development, a period of increase sensitivity to environmental
influences.
o Time during which certain events must take place for normal development to
occur.
Prenatal Period (Before birth)
• Intrauterine Environment: The physical and chemical environment within the uterus
during prenatal development.
o Congenital Problems:
▪ Problems or defects that originate during prenatal development in the
womb
o Genetic Disorders:
▪ Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics.
• Teratogen:
o Radiation, a drug, or other substance capable of altering fetal development in
ways that cause birth defects.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Deprivation & Enrichment
• Deprivation:
o In development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition,
comfort, love, etc.; a condition of LACKING.
• Enrichment:
o Deliberately making an environment more novel, complex, and perceptually or
intellectual stimulating. (Individualized)
Eihig a Childs Eioet
• Parents can encourage exploration through parent can do is stimulating play and by
paying attention to the ays interest
• One of the simplest and most effective things a parent can do is to READ to a child.
• Canadian study (the National Longitudinal Study of Children and Youth) suggest children
whose parents READ to them several times a day when 2 or 3 years → will do BETTER in
Kindergarten/Grade 1
Developmental Level
: A pesos uet state of physial, eotioal, and intellectual development.
• Determined by:
o heredity (genes)
o environmental influences
o pesos o behaviour
Newborn Baby
Neonate: Term used for newborn infants during the first weeks following birth.
• Grasping Reflex: A neonatal reflex consisting of grasping objects placed in palms.
• Rooting Reflex: Neonatal reflex elicited by a light touch to ays cheek, causing the
infant to turn toward the object and attempt to nurse.
• Sucking Reflex: Neonatal reflex elicited by touching mouth, whereupon the infant
makes rhythmic sucking movements.
• Moro Reflex:
o Neonatal reflex evoked by sudden loss of support or the sounding of a loud
noise;
o In response, arms are extended and then brought toward each other → HUG
Testing Infant Attention & Perception
• Looking Chamber: A device that allows us to test infant perception by presenting stimuli
to the infant and observing the ifats response.
• Video:
o 1. Bay eahig toads ue – illusion
o 2. @ this age tells us that our brains help us find short cut to determine 2-D & 3-
D → Babies advanced w/ their perception – genetic or environment?
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o Translating a sense into a perception
o Typically dependent variable is eye gaze
Maturation
• Physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system
• Increased muscular control occurs in patterns:
o Cephalocaudal - head to toe
▪ Ex) brain & neck before legs & feet
o Proximodistal - From center of the body to the extremities
Motor Development
• Babies must learn to control their actions.
• Readiness: Condition that exists when maturation has advanced enough to allow the
rapid acquisition of a particular skill.
Emotional & Social Development
• Basic Emotions: First distinct emotions to emerge in infancy.
• Social Smile: Smiling elicited by social stimuli, suh as seeig a paets fae.
o Indication of making world connections (can then make sleep schedule)
• Social Development: Development of self-awareness, attachment to parents or
caregivers, and relationships with other children and adults.
• Self-awareness: Consciousness of oneself as a person.
o ‘ouge test: ed dot o ays ose lookig i io
▪ If touch mirror: not aware of self
▪ If touch its nose: aware of self
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
January 22, 2018 psyc 200 chapter 3: human development. In development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, etc. ; a condition of lacking: enrichment, deliberately making an environment more novel, complex, and perceptually or intellectual stimulating. (individualized) : a pe(cid:396)so(cid:374)(cid:859)s (cid:272)u(cid:396)(cid:396)e(cid:374)t state of physi(cid:272)al, e(cid:373)otio(cid:374)al, and intellectual development: determined by, heredity (genes, environmental influences, pe(cid:396)so(cid:374)(cid:859)s o(cid:449)(cid:374) behaviour. In response, arms are extended and then brought toward each other hug. Testing infant attention & perception: looking chamber: a device that allows us to test infant perception by presenting stimuli to the infant and observing the i(cid:374)fa(cid:374)t(cid:859)s response, video, 1. Ba(cid:271)y (cid:396)ea(cid:272)hi(cid:374)g to(cid:449)a(cid:396)ds (cid:862)(cid:272)u(cid:271)e(cid:863) illusion: 2. @ this age tells us that our brains help us find short cut to determine 2-d & 3- D babies advanced w/ their perception genetic or environment: translating a sense into a perception, typically dependent variable is eye gaze. Maturation: physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system.
