PSYC 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Sensory Memory, Explicit Memory, Procedural Memory
14 Jun 2018
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PSYC 200 Chapter 7
Memory Key Terms
• Memory: Active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers (retrieves)
information (rsoar)
3 Roles
• Encoding: Converting information into a usable form
• Storage: Holding this information in memory
• Retrieval: Taking memories out of storage
• Image:
o Rehearsal buffer → repeating
o Memories CODED (consolidated) → LTM
Sensory memory
• Sensory memory: Storing an exact copy of incoming information for a few seconds; the
first stage of memory
Short-Term Memory
• Short-Term Memory (STM): Memory system used to hold small amounts of information
for relatively brief time periods.
• Working Memory: Another name for STM; like a etal skethpad
o Ex) solving math → x=1 & y=2 . . . x+y=? → need to remember what is x & y
• Selective Attention: Focusing (voluntarily) on a selected portion of sensory input (e.g.,
selective hearing)
• Information Bits: Short-term memory limited to the agi ue of 7 (+/- 2);
meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words or phrases.
o Is it bits → chunks (ex.) 234, NY, etc.
• Digit-span Task: A test of attention and short-term memory in which a string of
numbers is recalled
o Ex) 582946 asked to repeat . . . ((123)(678)) is a bad ex. b/c can be 2 or 6 parts
Long-Term Memory
• Memory system (LTM) used for relatively permanent storage of meaningful information.
• Stored on basis of meaning and importance
Recoding
• Information Chunks: Information bits grouped into larger units
o Ex) Phone #: (514) . . . → group it together
• Recoding: Reorganizing or modifying information to assist storage in memory
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Rehearsing Information
• Maintenance Rehearsal: Silently repeating or Mentally reviewing information to hold it
in short-term memory.
o Ex) continue repeating # till use it (then after forget)
• Elaborative Rehearsal: Rehearsal that links new information w/ existing memories and
knowledge.
o Ex) Phone #: 514 → dot eed to ake effot / alead ko these digits
• Self-Reference Effect: Memory works better when you encode for meaning and
emphasize PERSONAL RELEVANCE of the material.
Types of Long-Term Memory
• Procedural Memory: Long-term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills;
includes basic conditioned responses and learned actions → typing, solving a puzzle, or
swinging a golf club.
• Declarative Memory: LTM stores factual information → names, faces, words, dates,
and ideas.
o Semantic Memory:
▪ Impersonal facts and everyday knowledge about the world
▪ Subpart of declarative memory
o Episodic Memory:
▪ Personal experiences linked with specific times and places
o Subpart of declarative memory
• Tower Puzzle: Ppl w/ severe amnesia tested → dot eee the ules/fatual ifo
o BUT Performed task effectively → procedural memory
Measuring Memory
• Tip-of-the Tongue (TOT): Feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable
• Video: When get stuck → better to just give up & look it up
o 2 Conditions: 10 secs or 30 secs to think about word (response)
o The longer they stayed in that stage the 1st day → ones given more time (30
secs) were more likely to forget again the next time
▪ More u think of a word → oe likel ou ot eee it et tie
B/C experience youe i hile leaig soethig
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Memory key terms: memory: active system that receives, stores, organizes, alters, and recovers (retrieves) information (rsoar) 3 roles: encoding: converting information into a usable form, storage: holding this information in memory, retrieval: taking memories out of storage. Image: rehearsal buffer repeating, memories coded (consolidated) ltm. Sensory memory: sensory memory: storing an exact copy of incoming information for a few seconds; the first stage of memory. Need to remember what is x & y: selective attention: focusing (voluntarily) on a selected portion of sensory input (e. g. , selective hearing) Information bits: short-term memory limited to the (cid:862)(cid:373)agi(cid:272) (cid:374)u(cid:373)(cid:271)e(cid:396)(cid:863) of 7 (+/- 2); meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words or phrases. 234, ny, etc: digit-span task: a test of attention and short-term memory in which a string of numbers is recalled, ex) 582946 asked to repeat . ((123)(678)) is a bad ex. b/c can be 2 or 6 parts.
