PSYC 200 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Telehealth, Agoraphobia, Electroconvulsive Therapy
17 Jun 2018
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PSYC 200 Chapter 13: Therapies
Psychotherapy
• Psychotherapy: Any psychological technique used to facilitate positive changes in an
idiidual’s personality or behaviour
• Therapy is not equally effective for all problems.
• Chances of improvement are fairly good for phobias, low self-esteem, and marital
conflicts.
• Complex problems such as a general tendency to be extremely fearful in social
situations can be difficult to solve (effectiveness depends on problem, type of
psychotherapy used & the individual)
Humanistic Therapies
• Client-Centered Therapy (Rogers): Non-directive and based on insights from conscious
thoughts and feelings; emphasizes aeptig oe’s true self (big shift, not imposing)
• Therapist must maintain:
o Unconditional Positive Regard: Unshakable personal acceptance of another
person, regardless of what they tell the therapist or how they feel
o Empathy: Ability to feel what another person is feeling; capacity to take another
perso’s poit of ie
o Authenticity: Ability of a therapist to be genuine and honest about his or her
feelings (no hierarchy)
o Reflection: Rephrasing or repeatig liets’ thoughts and feelings; helps clients
become aware of what they are saying (I hate fish → sounds like you hate fish)
▪ Interpreting
Gestalt Therapy
• Focuses on immediate awareness to help clients rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting
into connected wholes
• Emphasizes integration of various experiences
• Clients are taught to accept responsibility for their thoughts and actions
• More DIRECTIVE than client-centered therapy
▪ Difficult to do → not seen often
Psychotherapy at a Distance
• Media Psychologists: Radio, newspaper and television psychologists; often give advice,
information, and social support (personalized → should not be generalized)
o Most helpful when referrals and information are given
• Telephone Therapists: 800-number therapists
o Caution! Ma therapists a e othig ore tha telephoe operators ho
have never even taken a psych course, not trained, etc.!
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Cybertherapy
• Cybertherapy: Psychological advice, support groups, and self-help magazines on the
Internet (Ex. find self in online chat room)
• Online counselling typically is offered for a fee.
o Advantage (+): clients remain anonymous. Person who may hesitate to see a
psychologist can seek help privately online now comfortable
o Disadvantages (-): brief e-mails are NO way to make a diagnosis; cannot make
use of facial expressions or body language (should try meet in person 1st)
Telehealth
• Video cameras at both ends so now you can hear AND see therapist
• Patient/client can remain anonymous
• May be wave of future for those who cannot drive a distance to a therapist or cannot
leae the house e.g., Paula a’t leae the house /c agoraphobia, so therapist comes
to her via Internet!)
• Cheaper than traditional psychotherapy
Behaviour Therapy
• Behaviour Therapy: Use of learning principles to make constructive changes in
behaviour; any therapy designed to actively change behaviour
• Behaviour Modification: Using any classical/operant conditioning principles to change
human behaviour directly
o Deep insight is often not necessary (focus on behaviour, not thoughts/feelings)
o Focus on the present; cannot change the past, and no reason to alter that which
has yet to occur
• Classical Conditioning: A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with
new stimuli → PASSIVE
• Uses aversion therapy
Aversion Therapy
: Associate a strong aversion (reflex) to an undesirable habit like smoking, overeating,
drinking alcohol
• Conditioned Aversion: Learned dislike or negative emotional response to a stimulus
• Response-Contingent Consequences: Reinforcement, punishment, or other
consequences that are applied ONLY when a certain response is made
• Rapid Smoking: Prolonged smoking at a rapid pace
o Designed to cause aversion to smoking (feel sick from it)
• Image: every time sips alcohol → gets a mild electric shock
o Later feels emotional state he felt as if he was shocked when drinks
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Psychotherapy at a distance: media psychologists: radio, newspaper and television psychologists; often give advice, information, and social support (personalized should not be generalized, most helpful when referrals and information are given, telephone therapists: 800-number therapists, caution! Ma(cid:374)(cid:455) (cid:862)therapists(cid:863) (cid:373)a(cid:455) (cid:271)e (cid:374)othi(cid:374)g (cid:373)ore tha(cid:374) telepho(cid:374)e operators (cid:449)ho have never even taken a psych course, not trained, etc. Cybertherapy: cybertherapy: psychological advice, support groups, and self-help magazines on the. Internet (ex. find self in online chat room: online counselling typically is offered for a fee, advantage (+): clients remain anonymous. Image: every time sips alcohol gets a mild electric shock: later feels emotional state he felt as if he was shocked when drinks. Image: shown here is a token used in one token economy system; also pictured is a list of credit values for various activities. Tokens are exchanged for items/privileges listed on the board.
