BIOC 2300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Exergonic Reaction, Redox

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peardeer633

13 Mar 2019

School

Dalhousie University

Department

Biochem & Molecular Biology

Course

BIOC 2300

Professor

Barbara F. Karten

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Document Summary

Bioc 2300 lecture 18 march 6, 2019 thermodynamics of metabolism. Thermodynamics is energy changes in metabolic pathways. Oxidation and reduction: oxidation of nutrients (carbon backbone) is coupled to the reduction of a redoxactive cofactor. The breakdown of carbon molecules is usually an oxidation process. That oxidation of the nutrient (ex. the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate) would require it to be coupled to a reduction reaction. This reduction is often the reduction of a redoxactive cofactor. In this case, it would be the nad+ being reduced into nadh. The process from glucose to pyruvate is a sequence of reactions and one of those is a redox reaction. For this to be sustainable, you have to get back some nadh+ by oxidation so that more glucose molecules can be oxidized. The oxidation of nadh to nad+ is the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The re-oxidation of the cofactor is linked to the generation of energy in the form of atp.

Related Questions

Which of the following is common to both aerobic and anaerobicmicrobes?

	Fermentation
	An electron transport chain
	Pyruvate oxidation
	Glycolysis
	All of the above

The primary purpose of catabolism is

	generation of ADP.
	generation of ATP.
	oxidation of NADH to NAD⁺.
	degradation of organic molecules.
	biosynthesis.

What is a fate of pyruvate during alcoholic fermentation byyeast?

	It is reduced to lactic acid.
	It is oxidized to form glucose and carbon dioxide
	It is cleaved to form acetylaldehyde and carbon dioxide.
	It is catabolized in glycolysis.
	It is oxidized to form lactic acid and carbon dioxide.

Electrons needed to reduce an oxidized electron acceptor areprovided by

	a) externally provided compounds such asH<sub>2</sub>, lactate or formate.
	b) an intermediate electron carrier such as NADH.
	c) 0<sub>2</sub>.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

How are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respirationsimilar?

	Both use oxygen as a terminal electron carrier.
	These are other names for glycolysis.
	Both utilize inorganic molecules as terminal electronacceptors.
	Neither receives electrons from glycolysis.
	Anaerobic respiration does not exist in microbes.

The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP) topyruvate

	a) releases CO<sub>2</sub>.
	b) involves the conversion of ADP and ATP.
	c) involves substrate-level phosphorylation.
	d) Both a and b
	e) Both b and c

Which of the following is the best definition offermentation?

	The reduction of glucose to pyruvic acid
	The complete catabolism of glucose to CO₂ andH₂O
	The oxidation of a carbohydrate with organic molecules servingas electron donors and acceptors
	The production of ATP from glucose
	The production of ethanol from glucose

A reaction that yields energy has a

	positive ?G_o?.
	negative ?G_o?.
	positive ?E_o?.
	negative ?E_o?.
	negative ?H_o?.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are always coupledbecause

	a) electrons generally accompany protons.
	b) protons generally accompany protons.
	c) electrons cannot exist free in solution.
	d) Both a and b
	e) All of the above

10.

Which of the following is true of aerobic respiration?

	It involves the reduction of oxygen.
	It involves the oxidation of oxygen.
	It involves the reduction of lactic acid.
	It involves the oxidation of lactic acid.
	It does not generate ATP.

plumgnu195

......Use the following to feel out the sentense: cycled, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP

During ____________ , mitochondria break down carbohydrates to produce energy that is used to make ____________ .

This process requires ____________ and carbohydrates, and produces ____________ and water.

During ____________ , chloroplasts use water and ____________ to create carbohydrates.

This process requires ____________ and water, which are byproducts from ____________ .

In turn, it produces ____________ and carbohydrates that are used in ____________ .

In this manner, the flow of energy is ____________ between chloroplasts and mitochondria.

..........use the following to feel out each sentense: from, oxidized, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, gains, to, loses, reduced.

During ____________ , hydrogen atoms are transferred ____________ water ____________ carbon dioxide as glucose forms.

Thus, during ____________ , carbon dioxide is ____________ , while water is ____________ . In other words, carbon dioxide ____________ electrons and water ____________ electrons.

During ____________ , glucose is ____________ as oxygen is ____________ , becoming water.

In each of these reactions, while one molecule loses electrons (is ____________ ), another gains electrons (is ____________ ); thus, each of these metabolic pathways includes redox reactions: coupled reduction and oxidation reactions.

..........use the following to feel out the sentenses: increase, conservation of energy, first of thermodynamics, input, decrease, laws of thermodynamics, secod law of thermodynamics, heat

The ____________ explain energy flow and energy conservation and can be applied to biological systems.

The ____________ states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, also known as the law of ____________ .

The ____________ states that energy is lost when it is converted from one form to another, often in the form of ____________ .

As cells go through transformations, they ____________ the total entropy of the universe, resulting in a ____________ in available energy.

For example, photosynthesis in plants requires an energy ____________ to turn carbon dioxide and water into sugar because there is a ____________ in entropy.

1) The complete catabolism of glucose results in the generation of ___________ ATP.

	1.	29
	2.	100
	3.	20
	4.	50

2) The presence of _____________________ is a determinant factor on whether pyruvate continues its metabolism into the Krebs cycle.

3) As humans we breath in air that contains oxygen and breath out carbon dioxide . The oxygen we consume it is used in the metabolism of glucose in the ________________________.

electron transport chain as an acceptor of electrons

anaerobic respiration

citric acid cycle

4.conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA

4) A glucose molecule can generate energy, but only if sufficient amount of energy is invested to initiate the chemical reactions that are involved in the catabolism of the glucose molecule.

True

False

5) The ___________________ of glycogen from individual/separate molecults of glucose is an ___________________ reaction.

	1.	breakdown, endergonic
	2.	breakdown, exergonic
	3.	synthesis, endergonic
	4.	synthesis, exergonic

BIOC 2300 Lecture Notes - Lecture 18: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Exergonic Reaction, Redox

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