NESC 2470 Lecture Notes - Lecture 16: Caffeine, Delta Wave, Brainstem

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Sleep II
o Sleep is consisted of lack of response to the environment and interaction
o More or less universal - every species requires sleep, however they do it
for different periods of time
o We spend 1/3 of or life sleeping, while some species spend a lot more
o REM sleep seems much more similar to the awake behaviour
o Thought is vivid - don't have linear progression
o Characterized by muscle paralysis and tension
o Inhibition of movement during sleep
o Any movements that are generated are shut down
o Hallucinating brain and paralyzed body
o During non REM sleep, movements are occasional and involuntary (as far
as we know
o The idling brain and moveable body
o Altranian rhythm is less than 24 hours
o These cycles occur roughly every 90 minutes
o Progressively more difficult to wake someone up when people show these
EEG patterns
o Stimulation to wake someone up is much less during stages 1,2 and 3 of
sleep
o Around 90 minutes into the sleep cycle is the first episode of REM sleep
o Then the brain goes back into non REM sleep and this reoccurs
throughout the night
o Blue in the top panel is REM sleep
o Changes in eye movements throughout the sleep cycle, more or less
superimposed by REM - characteristic REM pattern that is similar to what
we have when we are awake
o Heart rate increases during the first episode of REM but slows during non
REM sleep. This is the same for respiration rates
o Increase in penis diameter with REM cycles
o Rhythmic brain activity - we see more alpha and beta rhythms when we
are awake
o KNOW ALPHA AND BETA WAVES
o When you see spindle waves, this is the first indicator of really sleep
o Stage 3 and 4 are delta rhythms
o Sleep researchers don't make the difference between these two stages
anymore
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o Difficult to prove to determine that sleep is necessary
o Not sure if it was lack of sleep that caused the physical deprivation or
if it was the stress that caused it
o Adaption - because there are a lot of predators and concerns outside at
night
o Animals that don't rely on vision, spend most of their time when
lights are on asleep and they are more active at night
o Looking at comparison between species
o Amount of sleep and how often sleep occurs
o Restoration theory - most supported
o If you keep an animal awake for two weeks, they get ahlsers or their
paws and their body temperature alters. Also increase levels of hyper
stress
o Anything bolded and large is a significant defective of sleep deprivation
o M- Male
o F- female
o The study took baseline measures, then deprived them of sleep for 40
hours, then there was a recovery sleep
o If you take someone whose not sleep deprived, typically, it takes about 20
minutes for someone to fall asleep
o Uniquely, humans are the only species who are sleep deprived
because we use coffee to stay awake or will easily give up sleep to
stay up
o SWS% (slow wave) Percentage of time when EEG shows delta waves
o You cannot prove people are dreaming - you can wake them up and ask,
but they are no longer sleeping
o If you wake people up as soon as they enter REM sleep, they will make
attempts to catch up and enter it faster
o Reading is rare in peoples dreams
o There does seem to be a correlation between your activities during the day
and your dreams
o Activation Synthesis Hypothesis - was a reaction to Freud, the argued that
dreams don't mean anything and that they were side effects of what
happens in the brain. Where the cortex tries to synthesize information
from the pons and thalamus
o Karni - Memory formation
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