NURS 2090 Lecture Notes - Lactate Dehydrogenase, Aneuploidy, Itch
16 Apr 2013
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Document Summary
Clinical models of altered cellular proliferation and differentiation. Tumors originate most frequently in the epithelial lining of the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Tropic to the bone, liver, brain (affinity to spread to distant site: adenocarcinoma: **women/nonsmokers, leads to plural fibrosis/adhesions, squamous cell carcinomas: linked to smoking. Bronchial columnar leads to squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and tumor. Can be detected in sputum: small cell carcinomas: highly malignant (rapid). Four subtypes: large cell carcinomas: large cells, high anaplasia, diagnosis based on exclusion, poor prognosis. Carcinoembryonic antigen (cea)- prognosis often related to the levels of this antigen. Adverse prognosis: presence of pulmonary symptoms, large tumor size, nonsquamous history, lymph node metastisis or vascular invasion. Small cell carcinoma (most likely to be spread at diagnosis) Non-small cell carcinoma (often based on ability to operate) Chemotherapy (may be used when cant get all cancer cells)
