PSYO 1021 Lecture Notes - Lecture 6: Oxycodone, Chronic Pain, Hereditary Sensory And Autonomic Neuropathy

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Chapter 4 – sensing and perceiving our world
Chapter outline – hearing
Hearing
Physical stimuli that we are perceiving with ears are sound wave
-Travel more slowly than light waves – see lighting before you hear the thunder
Physics of sound
Hearing is affected by three physical proprieties of sound waves:
1. Amplitude (dB)
Defines the volume of the sound
Characterized by the height of the wave
Higher the wave, louder the sound
0 is the threshold for humans, 30 dB is whispering, 120 is the engine of a plane
ear drum busts at 160dB
2. Frequency (Hz – how many waves per second)
Defines the pitch of the sound
Characterized by the number of waves at a given time
More waves= higher frequency = higher pitch sound
Humans perceive between 20-20000Hz, human voice between 30-4000 (most cant here
extremes), above is called ultra sonic – below subsonic
Different scale for animals
Ex:
Elephants: hear below 20
Communicate with these rumbles in the ground in big distances (3km)
Sense the vibration in the ground with their soles or thrumps (sensitive)
3. Purity
Defines as the timbre of a note
Characterized by the complexity of the sound wave
Pure waves only have one frequency, complex have a mix
More mixture = less pure of a sound
Ex: the difference between the same note of a piano vs violin
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The ear
Anatomy
-Outer part is called the pinnae
Funnel all the sound waves into the auditory kennel
- Once inside, they travel to the tympanic membrane or eardrum
Make up the outer ear
-Sound wave vibration from these are translated to 3 uniquely shaped bones (middle ear)
Bones amplify the waves 20 times what they entered the ear as
1. Hammer
Hits the anvil
2. Anvil
Moves to the stirrup
3. Stirrup
Last one, closest to the brain
Oval shape
Vibration sets into motion a series of changes in the inner ear – contacts the oval window
(membrane), these vibrations send movement trough the fluid filled cavity of the cochl ea
Inner ear
Semicircular canals (balance), cochlea
Cochlea
Shaped like a snail shell, contains fluid
Site of transduction
Transduction
In the cochlea: basilar membrane
Contains the hair cells = sensory receptors for sound (cells with cilia)
Movement of the liquid makes the hair cells bend = changes their electrical proprieties and
increase the change of an action potential
Neurotransmitter release at the synapse with cochlear nerve cells
Axons of the cochlear nerve cells make the auditory nerve that leaves the inner ear to send
information to the brain
How hair cells take in the auditory information:
The Ear
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Uses 2 methods to code the frequency of sounds:
Phase locking
Occurs for sound that are below 3000 Hz
Cilia bend and come back at same frequency as sound wave
“locks” with the frequency (musician ex: wiper that goes with the beat)
ex: 1000hz = bends 1000 times in a second
More than 3000Hz, have trouble bending and coming back up in time
So they use place coding:
Place coding
Occurs above 3000 Hz
Hair cells vary in size depending on location in the cochlea: smallest near the oval
window, larger coiled up in the center
Size is related to its sensitivity to frequencies: smallest are sensitive to highest
frequencies
Hearing in the brain
After sound wave are changed into neural energy in the cochlea:
1. Goes to the inferior colliculus in the brain stem
2. Goes to the thalamus
Structure within called “Medial geniculate nucleus” (MGN) ** LGN in vision***
3. Send info to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe (behind ears)
Hemispheric differences
Right hemisphere processes the nonverbal stimuli
Left hemisphere processes verbal stimuli (speech and language)
Read: hearing loss in the age of the IPod p.149
Damage to the hair cells can happen when someone perceive a very loud noise once or moderate
loud noises over a long period of time. Damage can be:
- Age related
Die in the long run – old people perceive less high frequencies and lower sounds
- Noise exposure
Loud noise damage and kill the hair cells
Young people with headphones
Volume options in headphones are such that amplitude can get up to 120 DB
More likely to get damage to the ears that kill hair cells with headphones
Chapter outline: bodily senses
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Document Summary

Chapter 4 sensing and perceiving our world. Physical stimuli that we are perceiving with ears are sound wave. Travel more slowly than light waves see lighting before you hear the thunder. Hearing is affected by three physical proprieties of sound waves: amplitude (db) 0 is the threshold for humans, 30 db is whispering, 120 is the engine of a plane ear drum busts at 160db: frequency (hz how many waves per second) Characterized by the number of waves at a given time. More waves= higher frequency = higher pitch sound. Humans perceive between 20-20000hz, human voice between 30-4000 (most cant here extremes), above is called ultra sonic below subsonic. Communicate with these rumbles in the ground in big distances (3km) Sense the vibration in the ground with their soles or thrumps (sensitive: purity. Characterized by the complexity of the sound wave. Pure waves only have one frequency, complex have a mix. More mixture = less pure of a sound.

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