CHMI-2227EL Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Methyl Group, Alanine, Valine

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Biochemistry - Day 1 2018.01.12
INTRO NOT ON EXAM
Organelles
-Nucleus: location of main genome, site of most DNA and RNA synthesis
-Mitochondrion: site of energy yielding oxidation reactions, has its own DNA
-Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae, has its own DNA
-Endoplasmic reticulum: continuous membrane throughout cell, site of protein
synthesis
-Golgi apparatus: involved in secretion of proteins
-Lysosomes: membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
-Peroxisome: sacs containing enzymes involved in metabolism of hydrogen peroxide
The Five Kingdoms
-Monera: only prokaryotic organisms, like bacteria and cyanobacteria
-Protista: unicellular organisms like yeast
-Fungi: includes holds and mushrooms
-Plantae
-Animals
ON EXAM
Amino Acids and Peptides
-Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
-Comes from the greek word proteios, meaning primary
-All proteins are composed of 20 amino acids
-AA = amino acids
-AA are composed of an amino group (NH2), carboxyl
group (COOH) a hydrogen atom and a distinctive
side chain group (R), all attached to a carbon atoms
called the alpha carbon from the organic chemistry
nomenclature
-All AA are called alpha-amino acids because they have a
primary amino group, and a carbonyl group
-Only proline, a cyclic amino acid, is the exception, it
is called an imino acid but still commonly referred
to as an alpha-amino acid
-Can be called pro, or P as well
-When placed in neutral solution, pH 7, the amino
group exists as NH3+ and the carboxyl group as
COO-, here it is depolarized and called a zwitterion
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Document Summary

Nucleus: location of main genome, site of most dna and rna synthesis. Mitochondrion: site of energy yielding oxidation reactions, has its own dna. Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae, has its own dna. Endoplasmic reticulum: continuous membrane throughout cell, site of protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus: involved in secretion of proteins. Lysosomes: membrane bound sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes. Peroxisome: sacs containing enzymes involved in metabolism of hydrogen peroxide. Monera: only prokaryotic organisms, like bacteria and cyanobacteria. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Comes from the greek word proteios, meaning primary. All proteins are composed of 20 amino acids. Aa are composed of an amino group (nh2), carboxyl group (cooh) a hydrogen atom and a distinctive side chain group (r), all attached to a carbon atoms called the alpha carbon from the organic chemistry nomenclature. All aa are called alpha-amino acids because they have a primary amino group, and a carbonyl group.

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