GEOL-1021EL Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Radiolaria, Calcite, Hematite

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GEOL-1021
October 15th, 2017
October 19th, 2017
Earth Materials
What are Minerals?
ā€¢Minerals are the building blocks of rocks
ā€¢Naturally occurring
ā€¢solid
ā€¢crystalline substance
ā€¢generally inorganic
ā€¢speciļ¬c chemical composition (does not have to be ļ¬xed or pure within certain limits)
ā€¢Exceptions to inorganic rule:
1. calcite: in shells/foraminifera
2. Silica in radiolaria
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3. Apatite in teeth
ā€¢Reason: these substances can also be produced by geological processes
ā€¢Mineral or not?
ā€¢Ice?
ā€¢Hell yeah, itā€™s a mineral. Fulļ¬lls all characteristics of the deļ¬nition.
ā€¢Major component of the crust of both Jupiter and Saturn.
ā€¢Has a distinct atomic arrangement
ā€¢Coal?
ā€¢No, bitch, itā€™s a rock containing carbon in a variety of forms- some non-crystalline, as
well as other impurities. Elemental carbon forms two distinct minerals: graphite and
diamonds. Carbon is also a key component in a family of minerals: carbonates.
ā€¢Amber?
ā€¢Not a mineral. Non crystalline and only of organic origin.
How minerals form
ā€¢Crystallization
ā€¢Atoms come together from a solution in speciļ¬c proportions to form orderly
arrangements
ā€¢the solution can be water based (precipitation due to cooling of heroes ļ¬‚uids/types of
sedimentary rocks)
ā€¢Recrystillization
ā€¢from pre existing minerals upon changes in temperature and pressure
ā€¢increase
Main Mineral Groups
ā€¢Silicates
ā€¢Isolated silica tetrahedra
ā€¢Single chain linkages (share two oxygens)
ā€¢double chain linkages (three of two oxygens)
ā€¢sheet linkages (share three Oxygens)
ā€¢frameworks (share four oxygens)
ā€¢Carbonates- calcite
ā€¢oxides- hematite
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